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Spectral analysis of a new six-phase pole
Spectral analysis of a new six-phase pole

... The proposed six-phase inverter is considered as two threephase inverters operating simultaneously. In both three-phase inverters,thenaturalsampledPWMalgorithmisadopted,wherethe switching signals are generated by comparing a sinusoidal reference with a triangular carrier, as shown in Fig. 3(a). For ...
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... consisted of a combination of 60% wet and dry etching. The wet chemical etches SiNx isotropically, resulting in a lateral undercut, whereas the anisotropic RIE maintains the SiNx opening dimension in the resist. First, a buffered oxide etch solution was used to widen the top of the SiNx layer define ...
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... used. In this case, the second-order terms are usually distanced in frequency from the original sine waves while the third-order terms are usually at a frequency close to the input frequencies. As a result, the second- and third-order terms are specified separately. The calculation of the intermodul ...
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... convergence to zero, all well under one second using an acceleration constant of 3e-7. The THD in Figure 2.5 also follows a similar pattern since it is most affected by the lower order harmonics and becomes one-one hundredth of its original value after just one half second, or thirty iterations. Fig ...
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... Xilinx is the first to offer a TotalCMOS SPLD, both in process technology and design technique. Xilinx employs a cascade of CMOS gates to implement its Sum of Products instead of the traditional sense amp approach. This CMOS gate implementation allows Xilinx to offer SPLDs which are both high perfor ...
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... In today's era, most of equipment use in industrial, commercial, residential and utility application, require an AC supply as input. The inverter is a device that converts DC power to AC power at desired output voltage and frequency. Multilevel inverters have been widely accepted for highpower, high ...
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... 1. A malfunction in medical equipment, spacecraft, nuclear reactors, etc. may cause serious harm to human life or have severe social ramifications. As such, any capacitors to be used in such equipment may require higher safety and/or reliability considerations and should be clearly differentiated fr ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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