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• Chapter 22 Current and Resistance Reading Quiz Answer
• Chapter 22 Current and Resistance Reading Quiz Answer

... and 70% muscle. What is the resistance of the arm? B. Now, assume that the arm has only 10% muscle. What is the resistance now? The measurement of the resistance off the th arm is made by applying a voltage and measuring a current. Too much currentt can c be uncomfortable and, as we will see, can be ...
Lecture 9
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... (solar cells, fuel cells, thermopiles), living systems (electric eels) ...
been  investigated  [7]  -  [9]. ... extremely  low coupling capacitance require ultra-high input Abstract
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C:\Documents and Settings\jason

... the amplifier. Strip approximately 1/2 inch of insulation from each end of the ground cable. Insert one end into the ground distribution block and tighten the Allen screw. Insert the other end of the cable into the ground block on the amplifier and tighten the screw (A ring terminal may be used here ...
CHAPTER 5 MOS FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS (MOSFETs)
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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