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Motor Nonlinearities in Electrodynamic Loudspeakers
Motor Nonlinearities in Electrodynamic Loudspeakers

A wide input voltage and load output variations fixed
A wide input voltage and load output variations fixed

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... thick glassfiber-epoxy laminate FR4. The input resonator (L1) functions as an open circuit for the input frequency (590MHz) and as a short circuit for the output frequency (1180MHz) of the frequency doubler. In this way the operation of the doubler is less sensitive to the exact cable length and out ...
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... 1.6GHz to 2.7GHz RF applications. The LO frequency must fall within the 1.7GHz to 2.5GHz range for optimum performance. A typical application is a LTE or WiMAX receiver with a 2.3GHz to 2.7GHz RF input and low-side LO. The LTC5542 is designed for 3.3V operation, however; the IF amplifier can be power ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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