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Technical Requirements for Connecting Wind
Technical Requirements for Connecting Wind

... The following working group drafted the Standard and prepared the Standard for adoption: Enno Saluvee – Support Services of Eesti Energia AS, head of the working group Indrek Aarna – Support Services of Eesti Energia AS Mati Kalda - Support Services of Eesti Energia AS Rein Kraav – National Grid of ...
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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) ISSN: 2278-1676
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) ISSN: 2278-1676

... assessed against each other on their VON versus turn off losses (or turn off times, or switching losses). Other electrical parameters such as breakdown voltage (BV), saturation current density, static and dynamic latch up, forward biased, reverse biased and short-circuit safe operating areas (FBSOA, ...
(ECE 405 - ECE 406)
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... measure and store the vibration data. The main goal is to obtain sets of frequencies, amplitudes, and waveforms that drive the membrane’s vibrations to clean it most efficiently. The efficiency of the system will be determined by an improvement of the permeate flux reflected by the contaminants remo ...
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... Direct proportion means that changing one factor results in a direct change to another factor in the same direction and by the same magnitude. Figure 1–15A If the voltage increases 25 percent, the current increases 25 percent—in direct proportion (for a given resistance). If the voltage decreases 25 ...
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... The multi function Integra 1560 and 1580 transducers offer uncomplicated operation and high accuracy <0.2% measurement of single and three-phase voltage, current, frequency, Watts, VAr, VA, energy, power factor and total harmonic distortion measurement of both phase and system, current and voltage. ...
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... The first half of the lanthanide series (Ln = La to Gd) crystallizes in the monoclinic monazite-type structure while the later half (Ln = Tb to Lu, Y, Sc) exists as the zircon type structure. In the monazite structure the lanthanide ions are nine-coordinated. The efficient green luminescence of LaPO ...
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Predictive digital current programmed control - Power

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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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