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TABLE 5.2.4.2-2: SELECTION AND USAGE GUIDE FOR
TABLE 5.2.4.2-2: SELECTION AND USAGE GUIDE FOR

... ac voltage component is small compared to the dc voltage rating and where occasional periods of low insulation resistance and momentary breakdown can be tolerated. If ac component is present, the sum of the applied dc and the peak ac voltage shall not exceed the rated dc voltage, and the ac voltage ...
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... on generators, bus bars or other distribution systems. The T3100 will signal when the voltage is out of limits for a preset time period. The T3100 consists of two circuits, one circuit for overvoltage and one for undervoltage monitoring. Each circuit has individual settings for voltage levels and ti ...
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... All tests are measured using a constant-voltage supply unless otherwise specified. Output noise voltage is measured using the transformer supply specified below. The output noise voltage is the peak value of an average-reading meter with an rms value scale. The noise voltage waveform does not inlcud ...
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... • Undefined region is inherent – digital, not analog – Current amplification, weak => strong ...
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... typical value. For example,low level of output voltage has typ=0 and max=0.01. That means, the typical value of the low level of output voltage is supposed to ve zero. But it can be 0.01 at maximum.Similarly to other parameters, min ,typ and max value applied. ...
< 1 ... 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 ... 2207 >

Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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