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Low-power, Low-noise, Low -voltage Amplifier for Very Low
Low-power, Low-noise, Low -voltage Amplifier for Very Low

Electric Circuits and Electric Current
Electric Circuits and Electric Current

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... evaluation of the output signals. It is therefore possible to use the output transistors either as emitter follower, open-collector, as a current source or in push-pull operation. When pin B is connected to VREF, Q2 and Q4 can be used between 0 V and VREF. The maximum base voltage of the output tran ...
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resistance

... variable resistor, and connecting wires of negligible resistance, as shown below. A variable resistor made of nichrome wire is maintained at 20.°C. The length of the nichrome wire may be varied from 10.0 centimeters to 90.0 centimeters. The ammeter reads 2.00 amperes when the length of the wire is 1 ...
RT7320 - Richtek
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... a reference voltage (VREF). The error amplifier, designed with high DC gain, compares the current signal (VCS) on the current-sense resistors and the VREF to generate an amplified error signal. The error signal regulates the output MOSFET to control the sinking current on the OUT pin at the programm ...
B37EA - EPS School Projects - Heriot
B37EA - EPS School Projects - Heriot

Optical Encoders SERIES 61C
Optical Encoders SERIES 61C

... Materials and Finishes than 30 mS at 16.6 RPM. Fall Time less than 30 mS at 16.6 RPM. Operating Torque: 1.5 in-oz ± 30% initial (1.0 in-oz ± 50% after life for 32 position only) Rotational Life: more than 1,000,000 cycles of operation (1 cycle = 360° rotation and return) Shaft Push Out Force: 20 lbs ...
Lecture Notes
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... The  SAME amount  of  current  I passes  through  three  different  resistors.   • R2 has  twice  the  cross-­sectional  area  and  the  same  length  as  R1,   • R3 is  three  times  as  long  as  R1 but  has  same  cross-­sectional  area  as   R1.   ...
Ideal Transformer - Keith E. Holbert
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... magnetic material so that the core permeability and winding conductivities are assumed infinite, and it is therefore lossless) the time domain relations are N1 v1  v2 N1 i1  N 2 i2  0 N2 where both currents are entering the dots on the ...
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... 2. A critical component is any component of a life support which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, device or system whose failure to perform can be or (b) support or sustain life, or (c) whose failure to perform reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support when pr ...
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... b) Determine the current through the 3 resistor. c) One of the 6 resistors has a length of 1m and cross-sectional area of 5.0 x 10-5m2. Calculate the resistivity of the material. An electric bulb with a filament of resistance 480 is connected to a 240V mains supply. Determine the energy dissipate ...
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... the shorter pin. A capacitor contains two metal sheets that are insulated from each other these can be charged up and therefore the capacitor can store electrical energy. In this experiment the electrolytic capacitor charges up to a voltage of about 9 V. It stores so much energy that when you close ...
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< 1 ... 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 ... 2207 >

Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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