Introduction to Semiconductor Devices
... while they are conducting. This is called forward voltage drop. It is in the 0.5 to 0.9 volt range for silicon diodes. A typical value is 0.7 volts. • The forward drop in a germanium diode is in the 0.2 to 0.4 volt range. • Diodes also have a threshold voltage approximately equal to the forward volt ...
... while they are conducting. This is called forward voltage drop. It is in the 0.5 to 0.9 volt range for silicon diodes. A typical value is 0.7 volts. • The forward drop in a germanium diode is in the 0.2 to 0.4 volt range. • Diodes also have a threshold voltage approximately equal to the forward volt ...
Polarization-independent phase modulation using a polymer
... increases, the transmittance increases. From Fig. 2, the measured contrast ratio is ⬃9 : 1, which is lower than a typical PDLC because of the larger domain size which originates from the higher LC concentration. When the applied voltage exceeds 26 Vrms, the transmittance remains basically unchanged. ...
... increases, the transmittance increases. From Fig. 2, the measured contrast ratio is ⬃9 : 1, which is lower than a typical PDLC because of the larger domain size which originates from the higher LC concentration. When the applied voltage exceeds 26 Vrms, the transmittance remains basically unchanged. ...
Bias Circuit Design for Low-Voltage Cascode Transistors
... discuss in the following example. Let’s consider the cascode current mirror in Figure 2, where for the sake of simplicity M1 and M2 are considered identical (if 1 = if 2 ). From equation (13) we define factor α as the ratio between the inversion level of transistors M2 and M3. This is analog to the ...
... discuss in the following example. Let’s consider the cascode current mirror in Figure 2, where for the sake of simplicity M1 and M2 are considered identical (if 1 = if 2 ). From equation (13) we define factor α as the ratio between the inversion level of transistors M2 and M3. This is analog to the ...
VERY LOW DROP REGULATORS ENHANCE SUPPLY
... circuits using the L4941 and a standard L7805 regulator (figure 2) shows that the L4941 solution is not only more compact and lighter, it also costs less since the difference in costs between an L4941 and an L7805 is less than the cost saving. ...
... circuits using the L4941 and a standard L7805 regulator (figure 2) shows that the L4941 solution is not only more compact and lighter, it also costs less since the difference in costs between an L4941 and an L7805 is less than the cost saving. ...
iC5000 I/O module
... When connecting to external signals please make sure not to exceed the specified input and output range of the IOM signal interface. If the digital input source voltage is higher than 5V, please condition the signal source with a suitable resistor divider, or a resistor-zener diode limiter. In case, ...
... When connecting to external signals please make sure not to exceed the specified input and output range of the IOM signal interface. If the digital input source voltage is higher than 5V, please condition the signal source with a suitable resistor divider, or a resistor-zener diode limiter. In case, ...
The Design and Optimization of MOSFET Driving Circuit
... To make the driving circuit shock does not occur, the circuit must be in a damping condition, so get the drive resistor: ...
... To make the driving circuit shock does not occur, the circuit must be in a damping condition, so get the drive resistor: ...
AN9637: Simple Phase Meter Operates to 10MHz
... problematic, because not many simple, inexpensive phase meters are available. Moreover, using an oscilloscope is time consuming and imprecise. The phase meter described here uses a standard voltmeter as an output device. It measures the phase difference between two signals with better than 1% accura ...
... problematic, because not many simple, inexpensive phase meters are available. Moreover, using an oscilloscope is time consuming and imprecise. The phase meter described here uses a standard voltmeter as an output device. It measures the phase difference between two signals with better than 1% accura ...
STEVAL-PSQ001V1
... The industrial standard bus is 24 V, but this voltage fluctuates and the maximum required input voltage level can be up to 36 V. Additional surge protection is also mandatory for power supply input in industrial applications. The purpose of this evaluation board is to address all of required paramet ...
... The industrial standard bus is 24 V, but this voltage fluctuates and the maximum required input voltage level can be up to 36 V. Additional surge protection is also mandatory for power supply input in industrial applications. The purpose of this evaluation board is to address all of required paramet ...
BDTIC IFX52001EJ Constant Current Relay Driver
... remains stable regardless of changes to the input voltage. ...
... remains stable regardless of changes to the input voltage. ...
Experimental Verification of Kirchhoff`s Voltage Law and
... absolute and percent errors much larger than in any other measurement, so that it is not completely clear that KVL was verified. The reason for this discrepancy is not understood, but we consider possible sources of error in the following discussion. To check whether we had made a simple error in co ...
... absolute and percent errors much larger than in any other measurement, so that it is not completely clear that KVL was verified. The reason for this discrepancy is not understood, but we consider possible sources of error in the following discussion. To check whether we had made a simple error in co ...
Lab 4: Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)
... values. 4. Transistor operating curves (curve tracer) with your actual data added to the plot. Indicate where current source starts to break down (collector current no longer constant). 5. Explain what’s happening on the plot as the load is changed. ...
... values. 4. Transistor operating curves (curve tracer) with your actual data added to the plot. Indicate where current source starts to break down (collector current no longer constant). 5. Explain what’s happening on the plot as the load is changed. ...
High-Voltage, 350mA, Adjustable Linear High-Brightness LED Driver General Description Features
... The MAX16835 current regulator operates from a 6.5V to 40V input voltage range and delivers up to a total of 350mA to one or more strings of high-brightness LEDs (HB LEDs). The output current of the MAX16835 is adjusted by using an external current-sense resistor in series with the LEDs. An enable i ...
... The MAX16835 current regulator operates from a 6.5V to 40V input voltage range and delivers up to a total of 350mA to one or more strings of high-brightness LEDs (HB LEDs). The output current of the MAX16835 is adjusted by using an external current-sense resistor in series with the LEDs. An enable i ...
Evaluates: MAX1711 MAX1711 Voltage Positioning Evaluation Kit General Description Features
... If the DAC inputs (D0–D4) are changed, the output voltage will change accordingly. However, under some circumstances, the output voltage transition may be slower than desired. All transitions to a higher voltage will occur very quickly, with the circuit operating at the current limit set by the volt ...
... If the DAC inputs (D0–D4) are changed, the output voltage will change accordingly. However, under some circumstances, the output voltage transition may be slower than desired. All transitions to a higher voltage will occur very quickly, with the circuit operating at the current limit set by the volt ...
The Kussmaul Times
... is reduced to the "Absorption" voltage, 13.7 to 13.8 volts and charging continues. As the battery becomes charged it accepts less current. When near full charge, at a current from 1 to 3 amperes the charger output is reduced to 13.25 volts. This is the 3"' step known as the '110at" step. Three step ...
... is reduced to the "Absorption" voltage, 13.7 to 13.8 volts and charging continues. As the battery becomes charged it accepts less current. When near full charge, at a current from 1 to 3 amperes the charger output is reduced to 13.25 volts. This is the 3"' step known as the '110at" step. Three step ...
Capacitor Self
... an OP AMP circuit schematic diagram. Even though the ±VCC connections must be completed for the OP AMP to work, they usually are omitted from the circuit schematic to improve clarity. The null offset pins (1 and 5) provide a way to eliminate any “offset” in the output voltage of the amplifier. The o ...
... an OP AMP circuit schematic diagram. Even though the ±VCC connections must be completed for the OP AMP to work, they usually are omitted from the circuit schematic to improve clarity. The null offset pins (1 and 5) provide a way to eliminate any “offset” in the output voltage of the amplifier. The o ...
EE 233 Circuit Theory Lab 3: Simple Filters
... } represents the change of phase from input to output signal. For example, the output voltage over the capacitor is . The gain is ...
... } represents the change of phase from input to output signal. For example, the output voltage over the capacitor is . The gain is ...
LED Luminaire Installation for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Suites
... be filtered so as not to interfere with the medical imaging. The light source operating inside the room must not produce interference. In the past, dimmable tungsten halogen lamps on direct current have been used but they were inefficient and had a very short life. Today, LED luminaires with remote ...
... be filtered so as not to interfere with the medical imaging. The light source operating inside the room must not produce interference. In the past, dimmable tungsten halogen lamps on direct current have been used but they were inefficient and had a very short life. Today, LED luminaires with remote ...
Resistive opto-isolator
Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.