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A 98nW Wake-up Radio for Wireless Body Area Networks
A 98nW Wake-up Radio for Wireless Body Area Networks

... communication radio in a low-power sleep state. Wake up radios, with power consumption as low as 50µW [1-2], are a common technique used to achieve this. However, they are on at all times, and therefore contribute significantly to the total energy consumption of the node. Further power reduction is ...
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... and other short-distance (less than 100 feet) interfaces where more expensive “full featured” transceivers are overkill. The IL600-Series provides 2.5 kVRMS isolation (one minute), and 20 kV/µs transient immunity. The IL610-1 MSOP Isolator is a unique product for space-critical boards. Bus Standards ...
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... There must be one important point that must not be overlooked. All sequential logic that has a preset or clear function must be preset or cleared at the start of the run. If you do not preset or clear the sequential logic, Pspice does not know what output state to start the logic in. Since the initi ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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