Download Lab 2 - Mechanical Engineering

University of South Carolina
Department of Mechanical Engineering
EMCH 361 Measurements and Instrumentation
Fall 2001
LAB2: ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
Your name here
Date lab was performed
Lab Group
Group member #1
Group member #2
Group member #3
ABSTRACT
This should be a one paragraph summary of your entire report. This means that
everything from your objectives to results should be briefly addressed. A good abstract also
suggests what the results mean. When laying out this title page, obtain a cover sheet with a
window through which the lab title and names above can be viewed. The abstract will then be
seen only when opening the cover.
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
If sections need to be added to (or deleted from) the table of contents, apply the Heading
1 style to the section title within your text. Then update the TOC by selecting it with the mouse
and using the right button. Select “!update field.”
1.
INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................3
2.
THEORY ............................................................................................................................................................3
2.1
The Physical Concept behind the Cathode –Ray Oscilloscope ...................................... 3
2.2
Series and Parallel Connection of Resistors ................................................................... 4
2.3
The Relationship between RMS and Peak-to-Peak voltages. ......................................... 4
2.4
The Physical Concept behind the Operational Amplifier ............................................... 4
3.
APPARATUS .....................................................................................................................................................4
4.
PROCEDURE ....................................................................................................................................................5
5.
RESULTS ...........................................................................................................................................................5
5.1
Characteristics of the Displayed Signals......................................................................... 6
5.2
Voltage Measurements.................................................................................................... 7
5.3
Electrical Circuit Experiment ......................................................................................... 7
6.
DISCUSSION .....................................................................................................................................................7
7.
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................................8
8.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................................................................8
9.
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................................8
10.
APPENDICES ...............................................................................................................................................9
To insert table of contents, go to Insert/Index and Tables …/ Table of Contents. Choose Formal
style.
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LIST OF FIGURE CAPTIONS
FIGURE 1 SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL: TIME VS. AMPLITUDE REPRESENTATION. ......................................... 5
To insert List of Figures, go to Insert/Index and Tables …/ Table of Figures. Choose Formal
style. Choose Figures caption label.
LIST OF TABLE CAPTIONS
TABLE 1 LIST OF APPARATUS ........................................................................................................... 4
TABLE 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISPLAYED SIGNALS ................................................................ 6
TABLE 3 VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS ................................................................................................ 7
TABLE 4 OUTPUT VOLTAGES FOR POTENTIOMETER AND OPERATION AMPLIFIER USED IN
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT EXPERIMENT. .......................................................................................... 7
To insert List of Tables, go to Insert/Index and Tables …/ Table of Figures. Choose Formal
style. Choose Tables caption label.
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1.
INTRODUCTION
This section is an introduction to the lab objectives and its practical uses. It should
normally be 2 to 3 paragraphs. The primary functions are to capture the interest of the reader and
describe the objectives of this laboratory exercise. The section needs to introduce the lab
function and background. Any new concepts and terminology need to be given as well. Last
should be the objectives of the lab. Include what should be accomplished or learned through
performing this experiment.
2.
THEORY
Note: Explain all new concepts covered in this experiment. Most labs will cover at least two
concepts: a physical phenomenon, such s electric current or voltage, and a physical measurement
system, such as an electrical circuit. All non-trivial equations must be given here with
explanations for all variables. Values for constants need to be given in this section if were used
in calculations. To create an equation, click on Insert/Object and then open up “Microsoft
Equation 3.0” Equations should be center justified, with the equation number in parentheses right
justified. Use the ‘Equation’ style to achieve this result.
E  IR
(1)
n
Req =  Ri
(2)
i=1
2.1
The Physical Concept behind the Cathode –Ray Oscilloscope
Explain how the cathode-ray oscilloscope works.
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2.2
Series and Parallel Connection of Resistors
Explain how Equations (2) and (3) can be determined using Kirchoff’s voltage and current laws.
Begin with Ohm’s law and show step-by-step derivation.
2.3
The Relationship between RMS and Peak-to-Peak voltages.
What is “RMS” voltage? How does this compare to peak-to-peak voltage?
2.4
The Physical Concept behind the Operational Amplifier
Explain how an op-amp works.
3.
APPARATUS
Provide a narrative describing all the equipment used in this lab.
Table 1 List of apparatus
Item
Manufacturer
Model
Serial No.
Range
Resolution
Signal Generator
Oscilloscope
Power Supply
Digital Multi-meter
Bread Board
Potentiometer
Operation Amplifier
Most of the equipment can be listed in a table, as seen in Table 1. Do NOT leave spaces
blank, use "NA" for Not Available or "--" for items that do not apply. Use the style ‘Table’
(Arial, 11 pts) for the text in the table. Place the caption of the table (here, ‘Table 1 – List of
Apparatus’) above the table.
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4.
PROCEDURE
Describe the procedure that was used in performing this lab. This section should give a narrative
of what was done, with sufficient details to allow another investigator to fully understand what
was done, and to reproduce it independently. If steps were done differently than originally
planned, intentionally or by error, describe the changes. The description of the procedure should
include enough detail to allow the experiment to be reproduced independently, without your
intervention or verbal clarification.
Please refer to the procedure chapter 2.4 in your handout
5.
RESULTS
What are the results of the experiment? Most results will fit into tables. Describe all tables and
figures in the text, repeating important information as needed. All figures and tables must have
captions, which explain what is shown, i.e.
.
Peak-to-peak amplitude, V
Sinusoidal signal
2.99976
fsqr( t )
 2.99621
4
2
0
2
4
0
110
0.02
4
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
t
Time,
sec
0.1
Figure 1 Sinusoidal signal: time vs. amplitude representation.
Raw data can often be put in an appendix, but its description and interpretation should be given
here. If there are large tables, or a large number of tables and figures, put them into an appendix
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and provide a summary in this section to show the overall results and identify the trends. All
data, except the original raw values, must be converted to consistent units. All data must include
the uncertainty values with explanation of how they were determined.
5.1
Characteristics of the Displayed Signals
List the waveforms measured, including signal type, peak-to-peak voltage amplitude, period, and
frequency. Use sketches or drawings if necessary to describe the shapes
Table 2 Characteristics of the displayed signals
Type
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Amplitude (p-p) [V]
Period
[sec]
Frequency [Hz]
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5.2
Voltage Measurements
Table 3 Voltage measurements
Signal generator
Freq
[Hz]
5.3
Ampl
(p-p)
[V]
Offset
[V]
DC
AC
Oscill
Mult
Vavg [V]
Vrms [V]
Oscill
Vpp [V]
Vrms [V]
Mult
Calculated
rms value
Vrms [V]
Vrms [V]
Electrical Circuit Experiment
Table 4 Output voltages for potentiometer and operation amplifier.
Potentiometer
output
voltage [mV]
Gain 100
Op-amp’s output
voltage [mV]
Measured
Calculated
Gain 50
Op-amp’s output
voltage [mV]
Measured
Calculated
+50-+60
+100-+110
6.
DISCUSSION
Analyze trends in the data. Explain what was found and how it can be used in the future.
Quantify and describe the sources, or suspected sources or error and uncertainty.
Evaluate the convergence between the theory and experiment. Does the experiment
confirm the theory? If not, what could be the cause of differences?
If the lab could be repeated, how should the procedure be changed to improve the results?
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Note: Please refer to the lab report requirements chapter 2.5.2 in your handout.
7.
CONCLUSION
This section is normally brief, consisting of 1 or 2 paragraphs. Refer to the objectives of
the lab, and articulate whether of not they were met, and how. If some objectives were not met,
give a brief explanation of why. Explain what was found or learned by performing this lab.
Any ideas for improving the lab can also be included in this section.
8.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This is a chance for you to acknowledge the people who helped you complete your
project.
9.
REFERENCES
References are those bibliographical sources that are directly referenced in the text. Make
sure all references are complete, including page numbers. When you cite one of these sources in
your text, place the last name of the author and the date of publication, separated by a comma, in
parentheses after the quotation. Example: (Smith, 1989) or, if you mention the author in your
text, then: Smith (1989). With more than two authors, just use the alphabetically first name and
then “et al”: (Beckwith, et al, 1993). Write the list of references in the format shown below using
the ‘Ref’ style.
BECKWITH, MARRANGONI, and LIENHARD. (1993) Mechanical Measurements. 5th
edition. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993, pp 45-63, 79-91, 98-108
BEER, David; MCMURREY, David. (1997) A Guide to Writing as an Engineer. New York :
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997, pp 1-246
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10. APPENDICES
This section is optional. If there are large amounts of raw data, or a large number of
graphs, summarize them in the Results section and put the bulk of them here. (In most cases,
only raw data will find its way here). All contents of the appendices must be referenced from
within the text. Remember that the contents of an appendix is not normally examine in details,
unless there is a question with something in the Results section and the reader wants to viewed
the raw data given in the Appendix.
However, the format of the data presented in the Appendix must follow the format
imposed on the rest of the report. This includes margins, table and figure numbers, captions, and
organization. Tables and figures presented in the Appendix must be also included in the list of
figures and tables. However, start their numbering afresh, using the prefix A, e.g., Figure A1,
Figure A2, …; Table A1, Table A2, …If you want to take advantage of automatic numbering,
you can use the codes below to restart the automatic numbering (The code A1 has been modified
to restart from 1.)
Figure A1 – Detail of …
Figure A2 – View of …
Table A1 – List of …
Table A2 – List of …
GOOD LUCK WITH YOUR REPORT!
Remember, when in doubt, better ask!
The TA’s are there to assist you to get the best results possible.
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