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Principles of oximetry
Principles of oximetry

... It can be seen from the block diagram in Figure 6 that the output from each sample-and-hold is also passed to a low-pass filter. This is the first stage of an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit that adjusts the light intensity from the corresponding LED so ...
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... Forward clamping voltage V FC = ƒ(IPP) tp = 8 / 20 µs, pin 2 to 1 ...
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... where the currents are small, for example in an audio amplifier circuit • The 400x is designed for abuse and is a good choice in power-supply applications • There are lots of other diodes available on the market; this discussion is just intended to make you aware that diode selection involves a numb ...
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Dimming Presentation
Dimming Presentation

...  Professional dimming has come a long way from the candle snuffers of the 18th century to the gas tables of the 19th century and resistance dimmers of the early 20th century. Forward phase dimming with SCR technology has reigned over conventional loads since the early 1960s and is still today the m ...
13208A  23208A Uniaxial Biaxial
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... The Measurement Specialties 13208A and 23208A accelerometers include a temperature sensor in their small, rugged package. The small size and built-in power regulation allow the 13208A and 23208A to fit where other accelerometers can’t. Choose the bandwidth and range options best suited for your appl ...
MAX6969 16-Port, 5.5V Constant-Current LED Driver General Description Features
MAX6969 16-Port, 5.5V Constant-Current LED Driver General Description Features

... For applications requiring LED fault detection, refer to the MAX6984*, which automatically detects open-circuit LEDs. For safety-related applications requiring a watchdog timer, refer to the MAX6979, which includes a fail-safe feature that blanks the display if the serial interface becomes inactive ...
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... input. The gates of the feedback transistors are driven to vdd. The input is regulated to the high input threshold voltage VTH. ►Asserting test mode and vil input results in sout being shorted to the input. The gates of the feedback transistors are driven to gnd. The input is regulated to the low th ...
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Ohm`s Law - MSU Physics

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... boost switching-regulator circuit. The EV kit provides a regulated +3.3V output at up to 800mA of current. The input voltage range is +0.7V to +5.5V. However, the output voltage rises above the regulation point for input voltages exceeding 3.3V. A 1- or 2-cell battery input can also be used to power ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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