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test 2 review
test 2 review

... The transformer in the figure below can be assumed to be ideal. If I connected an AC voltage source to the primary coil (left) what would the equivalent impedance of the primary be? ...
Thursday, Dec. 1, 2011
Thursday, Dec. 1, 2011

... – What happens at the instance the switch is thrown to apply emf to the circuit? • The current starts to flow, gradually increasing from 0 • This change is opposed by the induced emf in the inductor  the emf at point B is higher than point C • However there is a voltage drop at the resistance which ...
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New UV Technology for Point-of-Use Water Disinfection
New UV Technology for Point-of-Use Water Disinfection

Negative capacitance effect in semiconductor devices - DR-NTU
Negative capacitance effect in semiconductor devices - DR-NTU

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Multi Domain Behavioral Models of Smart-Power ICs for

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Method for Determining the Effective Base Resistance of Bipolar
Method for Determining the Effective Base Resistance of Bipolar

... Measurements have been performed with an external 27 ~ series resistance and compared with direct measurements. It appears that the difference correctly matches the external resistance for high currents but becomes more inaccurate as the current decreases (Figure 5). This is due to the fact, that at ...
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ppt - UCF EECS

...  3-cup rotor  Mounting bracket  One pulse per ...
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LM1036 - Rcl
LM1036 - Rcl

... Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the loudness characteristics obtained with Cb changed to Cb/2 and Cb/4 respectively, Ct being kept at the nominal 0.01 mF. These values naturally modify the bass tone response as in Figures 2 and 3 . With pins 7 (loudness) and 12 (volume) directly connected, loudness contr ...
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... more of the limiting values may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only and operation of the device at these or at any other conditions above those given in the Characteristics sections of the specification is not implied. Exposure to limiting values for extended periods ...
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P84408

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... (limited) number of devices (R, L, C) which are connected by ideal conductors. Changes in such circuits are so slow, that the speed of propagation of changes is not critical. Equations contains just one independent variable – time. Only simple differential equation must be used. ...
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Question Bank - Saraswathi Velu College of Engineering

... 10. How does a transistor width-to-length ratio affect the small signal voltage gain of a common source amplifier? 11. How a MOSFET can be used to amplify a time varying voltage? 12. How does body effect change the small signal equivalent of the MOSFET? 13. Why in general the magnitude of the voltag ...
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Complex Electrical Circuits
Complex Electrical Circuits

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JU2216461651

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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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