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Special Edition
Special Edition

... harmonics), were each time within the limits permitted by the standard and permitted no deductions as to a possible “interference source”. (figure 2). To localise the cause of these extraordinary noises, a further measurement was carried out with a noise measuring instrument directly at the inductio ...
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... to be able to discuss potential difference and current in a circuit in terms of electric field, work per unit charge and motion of charges to understand that current is constant throughout a simple closed circuit to be able to demonstrate Kirchoff’s Second Law in a simple closed circuit to be able t ...
Rev. A
Rev. A

... Active High Enable and Power-Down Input (3 V TTL/CMOS). If EN is held low or open circuit, EN enables the drivers when high and disables the drivers when low. Driver Channel 1 Logic Input. Driver Channel 2 Logic Input. Power Supply Input. These parts can be operated from 3.0 V to 3.6 V. The supply s ...
High Impedance Signal Conditioning - OUTLINE
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... measurements, stand back and hold still. Shielding helps of course, but mechanical vibrations will modulate the capacitance (microphonics) between pcb traces and any local metalwork and cause charge injection. This is true even if the metalwork voltage itself is not changing, but simply at a differe ...
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theremin - Courses

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... This will force the cooling air through the anode cooler of each tube. Also, check to verify that the tubes can be individually removed from their sockets, with the plenum in place. There should be enough room in the plenum top to allow a limited rocking motion to remove each tube. The pin contacts ...


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... • Constant voltage (current determined by electrode and tissue impedance) • Constant current (more modern) • Typical pulse durations are 50 µs to 200 µs (some applications use 1 ms and longer • Cardiac or smooth muscle require these longer durations because membrane gates take longer to depolarize • ...
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... All image intensifiers with a fiber optic output window have an ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) coating on the outside of the fiber optic. This transparent and conductive layer is contacted by an additional green wire. The standard setting of the ITO coating is ground. The outer diameter of the integrated hi ...
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... R, by a periodic current with rms value, I, is always RI2, which is independent from the waveform of the current. It is also the same power dissipated by a DC current flowing into the resistor with Idc = I. Similarly, the electric power dissipated into a resistor with resistance R when a periodic vo ...
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... and components to avoid polarization drift in the fiber. This is due to the fact that polarization drift is not distinguishable from rotation signal in a Sagnac interferometer. PM fibers typically have about 20-25 dB extinction ratio limitations (between fast and slow axis) and this extinction ratio ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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