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... be as follows; 15% for 750-2,000 kVA, 25% for 2,500-10,000 kVA, 33% for 12,000 kVA. OR The transformer shall be cooled by the natural circulation of air over the tank surface, with future kVA capacity built into the cooling surfaces and conductors. The unit shall be provided with KNAN/Future KNAF ra ...
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... detection and pulseoximetering in this application. The probe is placed on a Apart from the MCU and four transistors, only passive components are needed for this design. peripheral point of the body such as a finger tip, ear lobe or the nose. The probe includes two light emitting diodes (LEDs), one ...
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... be as follows; 15% for 750-2,000 kVA, 25% for 2,500-10,000 kVA, 33% for 12,000 kVA. OR The transformer shall be cooled by the natural circulation of air over the tank surface, with future kVA capacity built into the cooling surfaces and conductors. The unit shall be provided with KNAN/Future KNAF ra ...
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... Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C) 16-Pin TSSOP (derate 6.7mW/°C above +70°C).............533mW 16-Pin Narrow SO (derate 8.70mW/°C above +70°C) ....696mW 16-Pin Wide SO (derate 9.52mW/°C above +70°C)........762mW 16-Pin Plastic DIP (derate 10.53mW/°C above +70°C)...842mW 18-Pin SO (derate 9.5 ...
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... water pumping stations, for supplying power to TV and communication equipment, village power, auxiliary power for heating and cooling private homes and industrial applications. COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS A block diagram of a typical system is shown in Figure 2-1 to identify the components and their fu ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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