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Genetics PowerPoint
Genetics PowerPoint

... First step of gene therapy is to isolate a copy of the gene. ...
Intro to Genetics PowerPoint - E
Intro to Genetics PowerPoint - E

... Earlier this week various students articulated that they inherited a specific trait from their cousins, aunts, or uncles. Raise your hand if you can relate to this ...
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Human Genetic Disorders

... number and arrangement of chromosomes. Most commonly, an individual with Turner syndrome will be born with 45 chromosomes in each cell rather than 46. The missing chromosome is an X chromosome. The affected person is always female ...
Document
Document

... Another source of variation during meiosis is crossing over. Crossing over occurs when two chromosomes physically overlap and exchange chromosome material. This process occurs more often on some chromosomes than other chromosomes and changes the DNA sequence within each chromosome. This results in a ...
Inherited Traits - Delta Education
Inherited Traits - Delta Education

... Distribute Activity Sheet 25, Part A, and a box of crayons to each student. Distribute pipe cleaners, beads, and Activity Sheet 25, Part B, to each group of four. Have students use the pipe cleaners and beads to make a pair of chromosomes for a ...
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Biotechnology - Kinam Park Homepage

... DNA is like a large instruction book, approximately 800 Bibles long, written in the strange language "genish", which consists of only four letters (A,C,T, and G). This book of life contains everything needed to know about building and maintaining a living organism and it directs all the events perfo ...
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... ○ The lipopolysaccharides on the walls of gram-negative bacteria are often toxic, and the outer membrane protects the pathogens from the defenses of their hosts. ○ Gram-negative bacteria are commonly more resistant than gram-positive species to antibiotics because the outer membrane impedes entry of ...
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Review Packet for 6th Grade Science Final

... 9. The two types of sex cells are egg and sperm. 10. The male sex cell is the sperm and the female sex cell is the egg 11. The cell division that makes the sex cells and produces eggs and sperms each in which that has half the number of chromosomes is meiosis. 11a. Mitosis – cell divison where two i ...
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... are rod-shaped bodies containing very large numbers of the genes. Humans has e 23 pairs of chromosomes. for a total of 46 in all, although the number of chromosomes differs from one species to another. One of each pair of chromosomes was received at conception from the mother, and the other from the ...
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... the moie points there are betlveenthem where c.issing over can occur. Urith this principle in mind, Sturteva.,i began using re_ combination data from fruit_fly crossesto as'signto g"enes relativepositions on chromosomes_that is,to map genes. Figure 9.20Brepresentsa part of the chromosome that carrie ...
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... activated in that cell. Some of this influence may occur during development, leading to the many different types of cells that an organism needs. The selective activation of genes in a cell may continue as conditions change throughout life. For instance, chemical signals from within the cell or from ...
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... consecutive rounds of centric misdivision were performed and while in some cases this reduced the structural complexity of the centromere, it also increased the number of copies of the individual units present (Birchler, 1994; E. Kaszas & J. Birchler, personal communication.). The experiments with r ...
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... one of the X chromosomes becomes inactive in each cell. This means that only one of the two X chromosomes is actually working. The inactive X becomes condensed and can be seen in certain cells as a Barr body. There is always only one active X chromosome in human cells. Thus, if the person is a norma ...
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... - The structure of DNA is called a “double helix” - The DNA contains instructions on how the cell should work - Genes control the development of characteristics (“it’s in the genes”) by issuing instructions to the cell to produce certain proteins - These proteins are either structural (used for cell ...
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... the cell to go ahead and progress forwards or stop because there is a mistake of some kind. There are three checkpoints, one in G1, G2 and M phase. One cell produces two and your entire genome is duplicated and separated during this event. Therefore it is very important that everything gets checked ...
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... A chromosome consist of genes, blocks of DNA. Each gene encodes a particular protein. Basically can be said, that each gene encodes a trait, for example color of eyes. Possible settings for a trait (e.g. blue, brown) are called alleles. Each gene has its own position in the chromosome. This position ...
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Chromosome



A chromosome (chromo- + -some) is a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism. It is not usually found on its own, but rather is complexed with many structural proteins called histones as well as associated transcription (copying of genetic sequences) factors and several other macromolecules. Two ""sister"" chromatids (half a chromosome) join together at a protein junction called a centromere. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing mitosis. Even then, the full chromosome containing both joined sister chromatids becomes visible only during a sequence of mitosis known as metaphase (when chromosomes align together, attached to the mitotic spindle and prepare to divide). This DNA and its associated proteins and macromolecules is collectively known as chromatin, which is further packaged along with its associated molecules into a discrete structure called a nucleosome. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions - erythrocytes for example. Occurring only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, chromatin composes the vast majority of all DNA, except for a small amount inherited maternally which is found in mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, chromatin occurs free-floating in cytoplasm, as these cells lack organelles and a defined nucleus. The main information-carrying macromolecule is a single piece of coiled double-stranded DNA, containing many genes, regulatory elements and other noncoding DNA. The DNA-bound macromolecules are proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms. Some species such as certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm which contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer.Compaction of the duplicated chromosomes during cell division (mitosis or meiosis) results either in a four-arm structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction plays a vital role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis leading to the progression of cancer.In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized. In the case of archaea by homologs to eukaryotic histones, in the case of bacteria by histone-like proteins. Small circular genomes called plasmids are often found in bacteria and also in mitochondria and chloroplasts, reflecting their bacterial origins.
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