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Genetics and Heredity
Genetics and Heredity

... The Blending Hypothesis of Inheritance In the early 1800’s the blending hypothesis was proposed. Genetic material contributed by the two parents mixes in a manner analogous to the way blue and yellow paints blend to make green. What would have happened to Mendel’s pea plants if this was the case? ...
Back
Back

... In fruit flies, (R) is the dominant gene for red eyes, and (r) is the recessive gene for white eyes. Does the gene These are the for eye Y color X and exist on the “Y” chromosomes chromosome? of a male fly. Why Howor is why the Ynot? chromosome R r different from the X? XX ...
Lesson 3: How does children get traits that their parents do not have
Lesson 3: How does children get traits that their parents do not have

Ch. 9 Patterns of Inheritance (Lecture Notes)
Ch. 9 Patterns of Inheritance (Lecture Notes)

... 9.18 Chromosomes determine sex in many species In humans, XX individuals are female, and XY are male In other species, other patterns of sex chromosomes exist. In some species, sex is determined by chromosome number rather that chromosome type. (XX female, XO (one X) male) In some invertebrates (ant ...
Class 11
Class 11

... A ribonucleoprotein complex that adds repeated DNA nucleotides to the end of a 3’OH The ribonucleotide provides the complementary bases for synthesis ...
Bacteria and Recombinant DNA
Bacteria and Recombinant DNA

... The modification of the genotype of a cell (usually prokaryotic) by introducing DNA from another source The uptake of DNA from an organism’s environment The uptake and expression of DNA in a bacterium ...
Punnet Squares, Linked Genes and Pedigrees
Punnet Squares, Linked Genes and Pedigrees

... • Genes are said to be “linked” when their loci are found on the same chromosome. • It means that those alleles are usually inherited together… but not always!! The offspring of this couple gets one of each parental chromosome. The genes are intact, so the alleles that are inherited are of the “pare ...
Genetic Review 2007 - Wayne State University
Genetic Review 2007 - Wayne State University

Improving Clone Production for Increased Protein
Improving Clone Production for Increased Protein

... selection methods is that they are specifically designed for secreted proteins, and the equipment needed is often expensive. In addition, FACS analysis relies on good detection antibodies being available. An alternative approach is to use technologies that increase the productivity of all transfecte ...
Wednesday, September 5
Wednesday, September 5

... Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution Fruit flies have a diploid number of 8, and honeybees have a diploid number of 32. Assuming no crossing over, is the genetic variation among offspring from the same two parents likely to be greater in fruit flies or in honeybe ...
You Light Up My Life
You Light Up My Life

... Homologous Chromosomes • Homologous autosomes: – identical in length, size, shape, and gene sequence ...
You Light Up My Life
You Light Up My Life

... other groups XX is male, XY female ...
CHAPTER 15
CHAPTER 15

... If a sex-linked trait is due to a recessive allele, a female will express this phenotype only if she is homozygous.  Heterozygous females are carriers for the recessive trait.  Because males have only one X chromosome (hemizygous), any male receiving the recessive allele from his mother will expre ...
Name Form - Pukekohe High School
Name Form - Pukekohe High School

... 3. another name for female gamete 9. early multicellular stage of development of an organism 10. where the genes for a particular characteristic are different 12. passed from one generation to the next 13. sudden changes to the genes or to the number of chromosomes 14. transfer of pollen from male t ...
Chapter 9 – Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 9 – Patterns of Inheritance

... Crossing over data can be very useful in mapping the relative position of gene loci on chromosomes The usefulness of crossing over data in this fashion was first discovered by Sturtevant Assuming that the chance of crossing over is approximately equal at all points on a chromosome, he hypothesized t ...
Chapter 6
Chapter 6

... other genes during gamete formation. Parental genotypes can be inferred from the ratio of phenotypes among offspring. • Dominant traits mask recessive traits in heterozygotes. When alleles are co-dominant or incompletely dominant, heterozygotes have a different phenotype from both the homozygous dom ...
1 Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea Mendelian Genetics
1 Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea Mendelian Genetics

...  Hemophilia Hemophiliagene for blood clotting protein female H H ...
The Study of Cells
The Study of Cells

... Complete the pre-lab section (Objective, Methods Part I & II, Pre-lab questions) of the Student Worksheet in your lab notebook and bring it to class. ...
Chapter 15 PowerPoint--6 slides per pg
Chapter 15 PowerPoint--6 slides per pg

...  Recombinant chromosomes bring alleles together in new combinations in gametes  Random fertilization increases even further the number of variant combinations that can be produced  This abundance of genetic variation is the raw material upon which natural selection works ...
No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... – 146 bp of DNA wrapped 1.75 turns. • Core histones dimerize through their histone fold motifs generating H3/H4 dimers and H2A H2B ...
2: Introduction
2: Introduction

... cells differ from other body cells in one important respect—they contain only half the usual number of chromosomes. This chromosome halving within the cell was apparently done very precisely, for every sperm and egg contained exactly one representative from each chromosome pair. When the two germ ce ...
Analysis of the Brassica oleracea genome by the generation of B
Analysis of the Brassica oleracea genome by the generation of B

... involved in the organizalion of the nucleolus. Thus, the diplOId species are considered to be secondary polyploids, ,mce pre­ sumably they have some of the baSK: chromosome lypes form­ ing part of their genome in duplicale or even m Irlplicate. The fact that chromosomes or the same lype wlthm or bel ...
Reversing Chromatin Accessibility Differences that Distinguish
Reversing Chromatin Accessibility Differences that Distinguish

... involved in chromatin remodeling [3]. At later stages of the cell cycle, solenoidal supercoiling by topoisomerase concomitant with structural maintenance of chromosomal (SMC) proteins [4] further influences the condensation process. Previous studies have used chromatin modifying reagents to study ch ...
Supernumerary ring chromosome 1 FTNW.pub
Supernumerary ring chromosome 1 FTNW.pub

... supernumerary ring 1 might look like this: mos47,XY,+r(1)(p13q21.3)[28]/46,XY[22] This means that of 50 cells tested, 22 had the usual number of 46 chromosomes, while 28 had an additional ring chromosome 1 consisting of material between p13 in the short arm, the centromere and q21.3 in the long arm. ...
Please Take Out The Following: Pencil Science Journal Chapter 8
Please Take Out The Following: Pencil Science Journal Chapter 8

... (diploid) organism segregate/assort from one another in a random fashion (see dihybrid cross) ...
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Chromosome



A chromosome (chromo- + -some) is a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism. It is not usually found on its own, but rather is complexed with many structural proteins called histones as well as associated transcription (copying of genetic sequences) factors and several other macromolecules. Two ""sister"" chromatids (half a chromosome) join together at a protein junction called a centromere. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing mitosis. Even then, the full chromosome containing both joined sister chromatids becomes visible only during a sequence of mitosis known as metaphase (when chromosomes align together, attached to the mitotic spindle and prepare to divide). This DNA and its associated proteins and macromolecules is collectively known as chromatin, which is further packaged along with its associated molecules into a discrete structure called a nucleosome. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions - erythrocytes for example. Occurring only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, chromatin composes the vast majority of all DNA, except for a small amount inherited maternally which is found in mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, chromatin occurs free-floating in cytoplasm, as these cells lack organelles and a defined nucleus. The main information-carrying macromolecule is a single piece of coiled double-stranded DNA, containing many genes, regulatory elements and other noncoding DNA. The DNA-bound macromolecules are proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms. Some species such as certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm which contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer.Compaction of the duplicated chromosomes during cell division (mitosis or meiosis) results either in a four-arm structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction plays a vital role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis leading to the progression of cancer.In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized. In the case of archaea by homologs to eukaryotic histones, in the case of bacteria by histone-like proteins. Small circular genomes called plasmids are often found in bacteria and also in mitochondria and chloroplasts, reflecting their bacterial origins.
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