• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Class_XII_biology_(solved_sample_paper_02)
Class_XII_biology_(solved_sample_paper_02)

... designed to allow the study of how genes are regulated, and how they affect the normal functions of the body and its development Study of disease: Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease. These are specially made to ser ...
bio Chapter 11 TEST (2010)
bio Chapter 11 TEST (2010)

... ____ 25. Suppose a restriction enzyme recognizes the six-base sequence AAGCTT TTCGAA in a double strand of DNA. Between which two nucleotides on each strand would the enzyme have to cut to produce a fragment with sticky ends that are four bases long? a. GC b. CT c. AA d. AG ____ 26. If two DNA sampl ...
The Genetic Basis for Evolution: Genetic Variation
The Genetic Basis for Evolution: Genetic Variation

... Five Sources of Genetic Variety 1) Independent Assortment of chromosomes during meiosis:  Through meiosis, each sperm or egg receives only half (23) the original number of chromosomes (46), one from each homologous pair. During metaphase I, homologous chromosomes pair up along the equatorial plane ...
DNA Content of Nuclei andChromosome
DNA Content of Nuclei andChromosome

... tinction in sq. ft) was taken to be proportional to the amount of DNA per nucleus.1 Variations in staining from slide to slide were never more than 10 per cent of the mean value for the standard kidney nuclei; such variations were compensated for by a factor of such size as to set equal the mean val ...
Notes: Mutations
Notes: Mutations

... affects the genetic information • Mutations that occur in sex cells can be inherited. ...
Taxonomy and Systematics: Seeking Order Amidst Diversity
Taxonomy and Systematics: Seeking Order Amidst Diversity

... Motility allows some bacteria to move towards or away from stimuli Phototaxis Chemotaxis Magnetotaxis Circular DNA molecule & plasmids REPRODUCTION Asexual, through binary fission Binary fission – Daughter cells are identical copies Neither mitosis nor meiosis occurs in prokaryotes No true sexual re ...
Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

... to another, in humans each gamete contains 23 chromosomes. The symbol n can be used to represent the number of chromosomes in a gamete. A cell with n number of chromosomes is called a haploid cell. Haploid comes from the Greek word haploos, meaning single. The process by which one haploid gamete com ...
Molecular_genetics_revision_checklist
Molecular_genetics_revision_checklist

... In terms of nucleotide, complementary bases, double helix structure. In terms of unwinding, base pair matching and semi conservative construction. Include the terms chromatid, chromosome and centromere, histone, chromatin Describe where the processes occur, their effect on chromosome number and key ...
AP Biology Study Guide
AP Biology Study Guide

... and polygenic inheritance. Provide an example of each. ...
DNA Lab Techniques
DNA Lab Techniques

... • Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons) • Other 98% (introns) are non-coding • Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000) • Proteome – organism’s complete set of proteins • About 8 million single nucleotide ...
EOC Review Jeopardy EOC Double Jeopardy
EOC Review Jeopardy EOC Double Jeopardy

... The half-life of Po-218 is three minutes. If you need 0.20 grams but delivery takes ½ an hour, what is the smallest amount you can order to ensure you receive 0.20 grams? ...
Name - Humble ISD
Name - Humble ISD

... a. The lower the wavelength of light, the greater the rate of photosynthesis. b. The highest wavelength of light provides the greatest rate of photosynthesis. c. The highest rate of photosynthesis results from the exposure to two different wavelengths of light. d. The data vary too much to determine ...
Comparative mapping in cattle of genes located on human
Comparative mapping in cattle of genes located on human

... TTR, using somatic cell genetics and linkage analysis in the International Bovine Reference Panel (IBRP). Oligonucleotide primers for PCR were designed on the basis of the published nucleotide sequences of sheep or cattle genes ADCYAP1, CDH2, CYB5, DSC2, FECH, NDUFV2 and TTR, and were used to amplif ...
Ch. 15 power point
Ch. 15 power point

... chromosome to another Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
BDOL Interactive Chalkboard
BDOL Interactive Chalkboard

... d. sex-linked traits in humans  2 traits that are governed by X-linked recessive inheritance in humans = red-green color blindness & hemophilia ...
MGY428- Genomes
MGY428- Genomes

... Centromeres mediate interactions between sister chromatids and the kinetochore during replication In budding yeast centromeres are 125 bp in length and contain specific sites for binding kinetochore proteins. In human the centromere is composed of hundreds of thousands of copies of a 171 bp repeat t ...
The Anatomy of the Human Genome
The Anatomy of the Human Genome

... was first shown by Avery, McLeod, and McCarty in 1944 in pneumococcus.30 They found that the so-called transforming factor, which converted one pneumococcus form to another, is DNA. In 1953, Watson and Crick 7 deduced the double-helical structure of DNA from x-ray diffraction data. The genetic code ...
In Silico Mapping of Complex Disease
In Silico Mapping of Complex Disease

... change the way important proteins are made. Sometimes the alterations involve a single base pair (the smallest building block of DNA) and are shared by many people. Such single base pair differences are called "single nucleotide polymorphisms", or SNPs for short. Nonetheless many SNPs, perhaps the m ...
FREE Sample Here
FREE Sample Here

... why might they want to study the process in fruit flies first? Researchers might want to study the process in fruit flies first because it would likely be easier to study it in fruit flies, and what is discovered in fruit flies might apply to humans. Fruit flies have been developed for over 100 year ...
pdf
pdf

... strength between the two cases may be accounted for by polymorphisms within the sequence. The second new gene found in Hulk-1 (802 bp) was shown to have high homology with a gene identified in PS-1 (Papa Smurf). These were also presumed to be orthologs of a gene, henceforth called Colos, which is li ...
Genetic Detection of Chromosomal Interchanges
Genetic Detection of Chromosomal Interchanges

... Chromosomal interchanges are of primary interest because of the opportunities they offer for the study of chromosome behavior and crossing over. The great volume of work which has already been done on crossing over and on translocations but still lack of understanding among the graduates students. H ...
Nature Rev.Genet. 8
Nature Rev.Genet. 8

Use of wild-wheat resources - UC Agriculture and Natural Resources
Use of wild-wheat resources - UC Agriculture and Natural Resources

... genus Aegilops. In contrast, chromosomes of the B genome pair little, or not a t all, with those of any known diploid species. Consequently, a s a result of recombinations between the pairing chromosomes, genes from the diploid wheats and Aegilops species can readily be transferred t o the A, but no ...
Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Technology

... REOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY  Production of a unique DNA molecule by joining together two or more DNA fragments not normally associated with each other, which can replicate in the living cell.  Recombinant DNA is also called Chimeric DNA  Developed by Boyer and Cohen in 1973  3 different methods of ...
Standards: 7-2
Standards: 7-2

... 1. Prepare a clean slide with 2-3 drops of 0.7% NaCl (saline) and put the slide (without a cover slip) on a stereoscopic (dissecting) microscope. 2. Select a large Drosophila melanogaster larva and place it on the slide. 3. While looking through the microscope use probes or forceps to grasp the larv ...
< 1 ... 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 ... 538 >

Chromosome



A chromosome (chromo- + -some) is a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism. It is not usually found on its own, but rather is complexed with many structural proteins called histones as well as associated transcription (copying of genetic sequences) factors and several other macromolecules. Two ""sister"" chromatids (half a chromosome) join together at a protein junction called a centromere. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing mitosis. Even then, the full chromosome containing both joined sister chromatids becomes visible only during a sequence of mitosis known as metaphase (when chromosomes align together, attached to the mitotic spindle and prepare to divide). This DNA and its associated proteins and macromolecules is collectively known as chromatin, which is further packaged along with its associated molecules into a discrete structure called a nucleosome. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions - erythrocytes for example. Occurring only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, chromatin composes the vast majority of all DNA, except for a small amount inherited maternally which is found in mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, chromatin occurs free-floating in cytoplasm, as these cells lack organelles and a defined nucleus. The main information-carrying macromolecule is a single piece of coiled double-stranded DNA, containing many genes, regulatory elements and other noncoding DNA. The DNA-bound macromolecules are proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms. Some species such as certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm which contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer.Compaction of the duplicated chromosomes during cell division (mitosis or meiosis) results either in a four-arm structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction plays a vital role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis leading to the progression of cancer.In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized. In the case of archaea by homologs to eukaryotic histones, in the case of bacteria by histone-like proteins. Small circular genomes called plasmids are often found in bacteria and also in mitochondria and chloroplasts, reflecting their bacterial origins.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report