Functional Heterogeneity in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
... modulation of synaptic transmission within BNST itself or at their projection sites. Indeed, CRF cells of the oval nucleus project to various brainstem autonomic nuclei thought to mediate defensive behaviors (Gray and Magnuson, 1987, 1992). Third, these neurons are not the only CRF-expressing elemen ...
... modulation of synaptic transmission within BNST itself or at their projection sites. Indeed, CRF cells of the oval nucleus project to various brainstem autonomic nuclei thought to mediate defensive behaviors (Gray and Magnuson, 1987, 1992). Third, these neurons are not the only CRF-expressing elemen ...
Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe
... Like the other lobes of the cerebral hemisphere, the temporal lobe is delineated by cortical landmarks. On the lateral surface, the stem and posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus mark the separation of the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes. The lateral sulcus or sylvian fissure is a ...
... Like the other lobes of the cerebral hemisphere, the temporal lobe is delineated by cortical landmarks. On the lateral surface, the stem and posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus mark the separation of the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes. The lateral sulcus or sylvian fissure is a ...
Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate
... mPFC fibers was detected at several downstream regions including NAcc and BLA. Using whole cell recordings in NAcc, the authors found that optogenetic activation of mPFC ChR2-containing terminals in NAcc elicited inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in NAcc neurons. Blocking GABAA, but not gluta ...
... mPFC fibers was detected at several downstream regions including NAcc and BLA. Using whole cell recordings in NAcc, the authors found that optogenetic activation of mPFC ChR2-containing terminals in NAcc elicited inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in NAcc neurons. Blocking GABAA, but not gluta ...
Overtraining Does Not Mitigate Contextual Fear Conditioning
... contextual fear conditioning, which consisted of either 1 or 25 unsignaled shocks (2 sec, 1-mA, 60 sec intershock interval) delivered 3 min after the rats were placed in the conditioning chambers. All other conditioning procedures were identical to those described in experiment 1, and freezing data ...
... contextual fear conditioning, which consisted of either 1 or 25 unsignaled shocks (2 sec, 1-mA, 60 sec intershock interval) delivered 3 min after the rats were placed in the conditioning chambers. All other conditioning procedures were identical to those described in experiment 1, and freezing data ...
Different Roles for Amygdala Central Nucleus and Substantia
... identical for experiments 3 (n ⫽ 48) and 4 (n ⫽ 43), except that lesions and cannulas were directed to the SI/nBM. SI/nBM lesions were made using stereotaxic coordinates 0.8 mm posterior to bregma and 2.3 and 3.3 mm from the midline, with infusions at depths of ⫺7.8 and ⫺8.1 mm, respectively. For ea ...
... identical for experiments 3 (n ⫽ 48) and 4 (n ⫽ 43), except that lesions and cannulas were directed to the SI/nBM. SI/nBM lesions were made using stereotaxic coordinates 0.8 mm posterior to bregma and 2.3 and 3.3 mm from the midline, with infusions at depths of ⫺7.8 and ⫺8.1 mm, respectively. For ea ...
Neural mechanisms of stimulus generalization in auditory fear
... suggesting that this pathway might be important for discriminative fear by suppressing freezing to the neutral cues. Altogether the present findings point out a role for the MGv as a modulator of the acquisition of discriminative fear responses, while the MGm continuously holds up for auditory discr ...
... suggesting that this pathway might be important for discriminative fear by suppressing freezing to the neutral cues. Altogether the present findings point out a role for the MGv as a modulator of the acquisition of discriminative fear responses, while the MGm continuously holds up for auditory discr ...
striatum
... Important for stimulus – response behavior THE VENTRAL STRIATUM (nc. Accumbens) The learning and execution of reward-related movements and activities. The ventral striatum is activated in reward situations. Reward= smoking, alcohol, drugs, sex, economic reward ...
... Important for stimulus – response behavior THE VENTRAL STRIATUM (nc. Accumbens) The learning and execution of reward-related movements and activities. The ventral striatum is activated in reward situations. Reward= smoking, alcohol, drugs, sex, economic reward ...
Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system
... meeting the immediate needs of the organism incurs the least possible long-term costs. McEwen (2007) proposes that allostasis is the adaptive process of maintaining stability during conditions that are outside of the usual homeostatic range [1]. Allostatic load is the cost to the body for maintainin ...
... meeting the immediate needs of the organism incurs the least possible long-term costs. McEwen (2007) proposes that allostasis is the adaptive process of maintaining stability during conditions that are outside of the usual homeostatic range [1]. Allostatic load is the cost to the body for maintainin ...
connections of the hypothalamus and preoptic area with nuclei of
... the medial nucleus (Fig. 4, R57). Single labeled cells appeared here following selective injeotions into the posterior part of the cortical nucleus (Fig. 4, R76). After injections into other amygdaloid nuclei no HlZP labeled cells were seen in the vent.r8al plremammillary nucleus (F'ig. 4, R95, R94, ...
... the medial nucleus (Fig. 4, R57). Single labeled cells appeared here following selective injeotions into the posterior part of the cortical nucleus (Fig. 4, R76). After injections into other amygdaloid nuclei no HlZP labeled cells were seen in the vent.r8al plremammillary nucleus (F'ig. 4, R95, R94, ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... citric acid– best neurons, the magnitude of inhibition produced by CeA activation increased with an increase in stimulus effectiveness. The responses to citric acid were inhibited significantly more than the responses to all other stimuli with the exception of NaCl mixed with amiloride. The overall ...
... citric acid– best neurons, the magnitude of inhibition produced by CeA activation increased with an increase in stimulus effectiveness. The responses to citric acid were inhibited significantly more than the responses to all other stimuli with the exception of NaCl mixed with amiloride. The overall ...
ACETYLOCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE NUCLEI OF THE
... structure, different connections and differentiated functions. Delimitation of separate amygdaloid nuclei on the basis of cytoarchitectionic or myeloarchitectonic principles exclusively is very often difficult. Therefore it seems, that in addition to purely morphological methods some histochemical t ...
... structure, different connections and differentiated functions. Delimitation of separate amygdaloid nuclei on the basis of cytoarchitectionic or myeloarchitectonic principles exclusively is very often difficult. Therefore it seems, that in addition to purely morphological methods some histochemical t ...
Changes in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Following Delay
... delay and trace fear conditioning involves similar circuitry including the amygdala, but that trace conditioning involves the addition of a few more brain regions to the general circuit including the hippocampus. Twenty-four hours following acquisition there was an increase in functional connectivit ...
... delay and trace fear conditioning involves similar circuitry including the amygdala, but that trace conditioning involves the addition of a few more brain regions to the general circuit including the hippocampus. Twenty-four hours following acquisition there was an increase in functional connectivit ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... On the basis of previous anatomical and in vitro electrophysiological studies in rats describing an inhibitory GABAergic projection from CEl to CEm13–17, we examined anatomical and functional connectivity between CEl and CEm. First, we locally injected a retrogradely tracing virus (herpes simplex vi ...
... On the basis of previous anatomical and in vitro electrophysiological studies in rats describing an inhibitory GABAergic projection from CEl to CEm13–17, we examined anatomical and functional connectivity between CEl and CEm. First, we locally injected a retrogradely tracing virus (herpes simplex vi ...
Neural correlates of incidental and directed facial emotion
... 2009) have examined the level of engagement of corticolimbic circuitry during incidental or directed processing of emotions. In adults, a directed face emotion processing condition (which requires explicit judgment of facial emotions) tends to elicit the concerted interaction of cortical and limbic ...
... 2009) have examined the level of engagement of corticolimbic circuitry during incidental or directed processing of emotions. In adults, a directed face emotion processing condition (which requires explicit judgment of facial emotions) tends to elicit the concerted interaction of cortical and limbic ...
Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies
... of which depends on a pacemaker input from the medial septal area. The theory then attributes the behavioural, including clinical, effects of anxiolytics to the disturbance which they produce in the control of theta. The details of the theory are more elaborate. In particular, they take into account ...
... of which depends on a pacemaker input from the medial septal area. The theory then attributes the behavioural, including clinical, effects of anxiolytics to the disturbance which they produce in the control of theta. The details of the theory are more elaborate. In particular, they take into account ...
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW
... their physical properties (Tremblay & Schultz, 1999). Thus, if monkeys learn that a red stimulus signifies reward and a green stimulus does not, orbitofrontal neurons respond to the red stimulus; when the reward contingencies are later reversed, the same neurons respond to the green stimulus. The or ...
... their physical properties (Tremblay & Schultz, 1999). Thus, if monkeys learn that a red stimulus signifies reward and a green stimulus does not, orbitofrontal neurons respond to the red stimulus; when the reward contingencies are later reversed, the same neurons respond to the green stimulus. The or ...
fulltext
... reaction, are formed through fear conditioning. In animals, fear memories, present in the lateral amygdala, undergo reconsolidation after recall. Moreover, this reconsolidation process can be disrupted both pharmacologically and behaviourally, resulting in a reduced fear response to the stimulus. Th ...
... reaction, are formed through fear conditioning. In animals, fear memories, present in the lateral amygdala, undergo reconsolidation after recall. Moreover, this reconsolidation process can be disrupted both pharmacologically and behaviourally, resulting in a reduced fear response to the stimulus. Th ...
Functional anatomy of neural circuits regulating fear and extinction
... and Ce) after the retrieval of fear and extinction memories. Rats were injected with anterograde axonal transport tracers [tetramethylrhodamine (FluoroRuby; FR) and Phaseolus vulgarisleucoagglutinin (PHA-L)] in the IL, PL, or vHIPP. Only rats with FR or PHA-L labeling confined to the IL, PL, or vHIPP ...
... and Ce) after the retrieval of fear and extinction memories. Rats were injected with anterograde axonal transport tracers [tetramethylrhodamine (FluoroRuby; FR) and Phaseolus vulgarisleucoagglutinin (PHA-L)] in the IL, PL, or vHIPP. Only rats with FR or PHA-L labeling confined to the IL, PL, or vHIPP ...
Primate amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of self
... Sugase-Miyamoto and Richmond, 2005). These studies uncovered important neural components of externally instructed sequential behaviors but did not address the internal progress evaluation that is typical of economic choice plans toward self-defined goals. Here we tested whether amygdala neurons enco ...
... Sugase-Miyamoto and Richmond, 2005). These studies uncovered important neural components of externally instructed sequential behaviors but did not address the internal progress evaluation that is typical of economic choice plans toward self-defined goals. Here we tested whether amygdala neurons enco ...
memory systems in the brain
... Emotions can usefully be defined as states elicited by rewards and punishers (Rolls 1990, 1999a, 2000a). A reward is anything for which an animal will work. A punisher is anything an animal will work to escape or avoid. An example of an emotion might thus be happiness produced by being given a rewar ...
... Emotions can usefully be defined as states elicited by rewards and punishers (Rolls 1990, 1999a, 2000a). A reward is anything for which an animal will work. A punisher is anything an animal will work to escape or avoid. An example of an emotion might thus be happiness produced by being given a rewar ...
Fear Models in Animals and Humans
... conditioned fear. The prelimbic cortex receives inputs from the LA [19] and projects to the basal nucleus of the amygdala (BA), which in turn projects to the CE. Following CS presentation, the prelimbic cortex might transform phasic signals from the LA into sustained prelimbic firing that directly i ...
... conditioned fear. The prelimbic cortex receives inputs from the LA [19] and projects to the basal nucleus of the amygdala (BA), which in turn projects to the CE. Following CS presentation, the prelimbic cortex might transform phasic signals from the LA into sustained prelimbic firing that directly i ...
Program - Albion
... produced in response to olfactory classical conditioning. We have identified five different traces that form in different neurons in the olfactory nervous system with different temporal kinetics after acquisition. Three traces appear to correspond to short‐term memory, one to the consolidation pro ...
... produced in response to olfactory classical conditioning. We have identified five different traces that form in different neurons in the olfactory nervous system with different temporal kinetics after acquisition. Three traces appear to correspond to short‐term memory, one to the consolidation pro ...
(2012) Prediction of economic choice by primate amygdala neurons
... Analysis of licking durations confirmed that monkeys distinguished save–spend trials in both free choice and imperative tasks even before cue appearance (Fig. S3). Furthermore, performance levels were similar for both tasks (80% and 76% correct trials in the free choice and imperative tasks, respecti ...
... Analysis of licking durations confirmed that monkeys distinguished save–spend trials in both free choice and imperative tasks even before cue appearance (Fig. S3). Furthermore, performance levels were similar for both tasks (80% and 76% correct trials in the free choice and imperative tasks, respecti ...
involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis activated by
... Twelve Ce-sham-operated, 20 Ce-lesioned, 12 BST-sham-operated and 20 BST-lesioned animals, which were implanted with a morphine pellet, were used in the CPA experiments. Apparatus. CPA was conducted as previously described (Watanabe et al., 2002a). The place conditioning apparatus consisted of a shu ...
... Twelve Ce-sham-operated, 20 Ce-lesioned, 12 BST-sham-operated and 20 BST-lesioned animals, which were implanted with a morphine pellet, were used in the CPA experiments. Apparatus. CPA was conducted as previously described (Watanabe et al., 2002a). The place conditioning apparatus consisted of a shu ...
Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early
... anesthetized young monkeys and then to identify connectivity patterns associated with Ce nucleus metabolism and anxiety. fMRIderived measures of intrinsic functional connectivity are particularly useful because they are sensitive to functional networks spanning polysynaptic circuits,27–29 just as vi ...
... anesthetized young monkeys and then to identify connectivity patterns associated with Ce nucleus metabolism and anxiety. fMRIderived measures of intrinsic functional connectivity are particularly useful because they are sensitive to functional networks spanning polysynaptic circuits,27–29 just as vi ...
Amygdala
The amygdalae (singular: amygdala; /əˈmɪɡdələ/; also corpus amygdaloideum; Latin, from Greek ἀμυγδαλή, amygdalē, 'almond', 'tonsil'), are two almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep and medially within the temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans. Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing of memory, decision-making, and emotional reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system.