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ii. Ethical Egoism and Social Contract Theory (A coagulation of
ii. Ethical Egoism and Social Contract Theory (A coagulation of

... these two extremes. For example, to be courageous, you need to find an optimal balance between the two extremes of cowardice and recklessness. ...
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... only if it results in the greatest happiness for the greatest number; or more importantly for utilitarian theorists, bad if it results to the detriment of the majority) and it is, I think, weil removed from anything that we might be tempted to think of as a system of morality. To be able to decide w ...
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... they aim at their own. In aiming at my friend’s flourishing, I must necessarily aim at her virtue, since she cannot flourish in the absence of virtue. Likewise, my friend aims at my virtue as part of my flourishing. As Aristotle says of good people who are also friends, “they seem to become still be ...
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... i.e. it is not a fixed goal that we can arrive at in the way we arrive at our destination at the end of a trip; it is a characteristic that accompanies certain activities as we do them  in that sense, happiness is like other characteristics of our lives; e.g. persistence. A student who pursues the ...
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... Harm done in ignorance which is due to intoxication or negligence is blameworthy, and the ascription of responsibility is proper because of that blameworthiness.40 Although this Aristotelian concept might not seem consistent with his earlier theory of the preclusion of punishment without voluntarin ...
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... ‘arête (excellence or virtue) phronesis (practical or moral wisdom) and eudaimonia (usually translated as happiness or flourishing.)’ Hursthouse (2003). Virtue do not inhere in a single good act, but is a way of being that is infused throughout a person. It is also called ‘character ethics’. The dom ...
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A Framework For Thinking Ethically
A Framework For Thinking Ethically

... norms.  Ethics is not science. ...
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Virtue ethics

Virtue ethics (or aretaic ethics /ˌærəˈteɪɪk/ from the Greek arete) emphasizes the role of one's character and the virtues that one's character embodies for determining or evaluating ethical behavior. Virtue ethics is one of the three major approaches to normative ethics, often contrasted to deontology, which emphasizes duty to rules, and consequentialism, which derives rightness or wrongness from the outcome of the act itself.The difference between these three approaches to morality tends to lie more in the ways in which moral dilemmas are approached, rather than in the moral conclusions reached. For example, a consequentialist may argue that lying is wrong because of the negative consequences produced by lying—though a consequentialist may allow that certain foreseeable consequences might make some lying (""white lies"") acceptable. A deontologist might argue that lying is always wrong, regardless of any potential ""good"" that might come from lying. A virtue ethicist, however, would focus less on lying in any particular instance and instead consider what a decision to tell a lie or not tell a lie said about one's character and moral behavior. As such, the morality of lying would be determined on a case-by-case basis, which would be based on factors such as personal benefit, group benefit, and intentions (as to whether they are benevolent or malevolent).
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