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Lecture 4: 09.16.05 Temperature, heat, and entropy
... The Third Law and calculation of absolute entropies •� The third law, like the other laws of thermodynamics, is derived from empirical observations made by scientists studying the behavior of thermodynamic systems. The third law derived from experiments looking at the behavior of heat capacities and ...
... The Third Law and calculation of absolute entropies •� The third law, like the other laws of thermodynamics, is derived from empirical observations made by scientists studying the behavior of thermodynamic systems. The third law derived from experiments looking at the behavior of heat capacities and ...
Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
... made to prioritize topics and cover them at a comfortable pace. Each part consists of seven chapters, corresponding to an average of about two weeks (six lectures) per chapter. Under such restrictions certain topics had to be left out and for others their coverage had to be limited. Highest priority ...
... made to prioritize topics and cover them at a comfortable pace. Each part consists of seven chapters, corresponding to an average of about two weeks (six lectures) per chapter. Under such restrictions certain topics had to be left out and for others their coverage had to be limited. Highest priority ...
Chapter 1 Classical Thermodynamics: The First Law 1.1 Introduction
... cup of water, a box of gas, etc. Laws that govern the microscopic world are the Newton’s laws (classical), or Schrödinger equation (quantum), etc. In principle, these laws are applicable to the macroscopic systems, but it is often impractical to solve individual equation for each particle of a macr ...
... cup of water, a box of gas, etc. Laws that govern the microscopic world are the Newton’s laws (classical), or Schrödinger equation (quantum), etc. In principle, these laws are applicable to the macroscopic systems, but it is often impractical to solve individual equation for each particle of a macr ...
4. Classical Thermodynamics
... you understand it, except for one or two small points. The third time you go through it, you know you don’t understand it, but by that time you are used to it, so it doesn’t bother you any more.” Arnold Sommerfeld, making excuses So far we’ve focussed on a statistical mechanics, studying systems in ...
... you understand it, except for one or two small points. The third time you go through it, you know you don’t understand it, but by that time you are used to it, so it doesn’t bother you any more.” Arnold Sommerfeld, making excuses So far we’ve focussed on a statistical mechanics, studying systems in ...
Outline Introduction Introduction Gibbs Free Energy
... A further increase in pressure causes little further reduction in volume as liquid is generally not compressible to a large extent. When the P-V relationship is examined at different T, one may obtain the results shown in the diagram below: ...
... A further increase in pressure causes little further reduction in volume as liquid is generally not compressible to a large extent. When the P-V relationship is examined at different T, one may obtain the results shown in the diagram below: ...
Thermodynamics
... - volume (V) - internal energy (U) Basic postulate of thermodynamics (based on experience): As time passes in an isolated system, internal differences in the system tend to even out (e.g., pressures and temperatures tend to equalize, as do density differences). A system in which all equalizing proce ...
... - volume (V) - internal energy (U) Basic postulate of thermodynamics (based on experience): As time passes in an isolated system, internal differences in the system tend to even out (e.g., pressures and temperatures tend to equalize, as do density differences). A system in which all equalizing proce ...
The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
... process always increases or, in the limiting case of a reversible process, remains constant. In other words, it never decreases. This is known as the increase of entropy principle. Note that in the absence of any heat transfer, entropy change is due to irreversibilities only, and their effect is alw ...
... process always increases or, in the limiting case of a reversible process, remains constant. In other words, it never decreases. This is known as the increase of entropy principle. Note that in the absence of any heat transfer, entropy change is due to irreversibilities only, and their effect is alw ...
Chapter 2 Classical Models
... Jij is the interaction energy between the spins i and j. Usually (not always) the sum is only over nearest neighbouring (NN) pairs, then Jij = J. H is the external magnetic field (in energy units). The case J > 0 corresponds to ferromagnetism and J < 0 to antiferromagnetism. As we shall show later, ...
... Jij is the interaction energy between the spins i and j. Usually (not always) the sum is only over nearest neighbouring (NN) pairs, then Jij = J. H is the external magnetic field (in energy units). The case J > 0 corresponds to ferromagnetism and J < 0 to antiferromagnetism. As we shall show later, ...
Thermochemistry, thermodynamics Thermochemistry
... Most chemical reactions and physical changes occur at constant (usually atmospheric) pressure. In constant-pressure processes the equation ∆E = q + w becomes ∆E = qp − p∆V The quantity of heat transferred into or out of a system as it undergoes a chemical or physical change at constant pressure, qp ...
... Most chemical reactions and physical changes occur at constant (usually atmospheric) pressure. In constant-pressure processes the equation ∆E = q + w becomes ∆E = qp − p∆V The quantity of heat transferred into or out of a system as it undergoes a chemical or physical change at constant pressure, qp ...
q 2 - q 1
... state , either by evaporation or condensation , the entropy difference between the find state and the initial state , ( S f – S i ) is independent of whether the process is conducted reversibly or in reversibly , and thus independent of the path of the process ; therefore the entropy of system is a ...
... state , either by evaporation or condensation , the entropy difference between the find state and the initial state , ( S f – S i ) is independent of whether the process is conducted reversibly or in reversibly , and thus independent of the path of the process ; therefore the entropy of system is a ...
Chapter Two The Thermodynamic Laws
... It is impossible for any system to operate in such a way that the sole result would be an energy transfer by heat from a cooler to a hotter body. Another statement by Clausius is: "Heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body." This statement implies an inequality of the heat transfer b ...
... It is impossible for any system to operate in such a way that the sole result would be an energy transfer by heat from a cooler to a hotter body. Another statement by Clausius is: "Heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body." This statement implies an inequality of the heat transfer b ...
Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
... Thermodynamics—Introduction The second law of thermodynamics is a statement about which processes occur and which do not. There are many ways to state the second law; here is one: ...
... Thermodynamics—Introduction The second law of thermodynamics is a statement about which processes occur and which do not. There are many ways to state the second law; here is one: ...
Biomolecular modeling
... This phenomenon will be discussed later on. A further important non-bonded contribution is the repulsion driven by Pauli exclusion principle. In contrast to the classical Coulomb interaction, it is of a purely quantummechanical origin. Two electrons with same spin try to avoid a large spatial overla ...
... This phenomenon will be discussed later on. A further important non-bonded contribution is the repulsion driven by Pauli exclusion principle. In contrast to the classical Coulomb interaction, it is of a purely quantummechanical origin. Two electrons with same spin try to avoid a large spatial overla ...
lecture6
... definitions of the thermodynamic potentials. These relations are named for the nineteenthcentury physicist James Clerk Maxwell. The Maxwell relations are statements of equality among the second derivatives of the thermodynamic potentials. They follow directly from the fact that the order of differen ...
... definitions of the thermodynamic potentials. These relations are named for the nineteenthcentury physicist James Clerk Maxwell. The Maxwell relations are statements of equality among the second derivatives of the thermodynamic potentials. They follow directly from the fact that the order of differen ...
H-theorem
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Translational_motion.gif?width=300)
In classical statistical mechanics, the H-theorem, introduced by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872, describes the tendency to increase in the quantity H (defined below) in a nearly-ideal gas of molecules. As this quantity H was meant to represent the entropy of thermodynamics, the H-theorem was an early demonstration of the power of statistical mechanics as it claimed to derive the second law of thermodynamics—a statement about fundamentally irreversible processes—from reversible microscopic mechanics.The H-theorem is a natural consequence of the kinetic equation derived by Boltzmann that has come to be known as Boltzmann's equation. The H-theorem has led to considerable discussion about its actual implications, with major themes being: What is entropy? In what sense does Boltzmann's quantity H correspond to the thermodynamic entropy? Are the assumptions (such as the Stosszahlansatz described below) behind Boltzmann's equation too strong? When are these assumptions violated?↑