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Artificial Intelligence for Artificial Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence for Artificial Artificial Intelligence

... variables are observed. We seek to learn the error parameters ~γ where γx is parameter for the x th worker and use the mean γ̄ as an estimate for future, unseen workers. To generate training data for our task we select m pairs of artifacts and post n copies of a ballot job which asks the workers to ...
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... specify a joint distribution, we need to specify the conditional probability distributions P(XikPai) for each variable Xi. q represents the parameters that specify these distributions. P(XikPai) can be viewed as a probabilistic function of Xi whose inputs are Xi’s parents in G. Any distribution P sa ...
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Artificial Intelligence for Artificial Artificial Intelligence

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Surpassing Human-Level Face Verification Performance on LFW
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... complex conditions with large variations such as pose, illumination, expression, and occlusions. This problem is exacerbated when we rely unrealistically on a single training data source, which is often insufficient to cover the intrinsically complex face variations. This paper proposes a principled ...
Time Perception: Beyond Simple Interval Estimation
Time Perception: Beyond Simple Interval Estimation

... light that turns from green to yellow. The decision drivers are faced with is whether to brake or drive on, which depends on their (earlier established) sense of time about when the light will turn red. A sense of time may also be necessary in the coordination of multi-tasking. For example, when dri ...
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... The basic data structure used in the chapter is the graph. Definition 2.1 A graph is a data structure composed of a set of nodes and a set of edges. Two nodes can be connected by a directed or undirected edge. We will denote by G = (N, E) a graph, where N is the set of nodes and E is the set of the ...
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... their parameters, i.e., the quantities that are fixed for one distributions but changes or takes different values for different members of families of distributions of the same kind. The most common parameters are the lower moments, mainly mean and variance ...
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Mixture model

In statistics, a mixture model is a probabilistic model for representing the presence of subpopulations within an overall population, without requiring that an observed data set should identify the sub-population to which an individual observation belongs. Formally a mixture model corresponds to the mixture distribution that represents the probability distribution of observations in the overall population. However, while problems associated with ""mixture distributions"" relate to deriving the properties of the overall population from those of the sub-populations, ""mixture models"" are used to make statistical inferences about the properties of the sub-populations given only observations on the pooled population, without sub-population identity information.Some ways of implementing mixture models involve steps that attribute postulated sub-population-identities to individual observations (or weights towards such sub-populations), in which case these can be regarded as types of unsupervised learning or clustering procedures. However not all inference procedures involve such steps.Mixture models should not be confused with models for compositional data, i.e., data whose components are constrained to sum to a constant value (1, 100%, etc.). However, compositional models can be thought of as mixture models, where members of the population are sampled at random. Conversely, mixture models can be thought of as compositional models, where the total size of the population has been normalized to 1.
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