Regional and laminar distribution of the vesicular glutamate
... found in synapses with low and high-release probability, suggesting that the two transporters reflect distinct classes of glutamatergic projections with complementary distribution patterns and functional roles (Kaneko and Fujiyama, 2002a; Varoqui et al., 2002). In sensory systems, however, their segr ...
... found in synapses with low and high-release probability, suggesting that the two transporters reflect distinct classes of glutamatergic projections with complementary distribution patterns and functional roles (Kaneko and Fujiyama, 2002a; Varoqui et al., 2002). In sensory systems, however, their segr ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... include muscle spindles (via Ia and II afferents), Golgi tendon organs (via Ib afferents), and articular and cutaneous receptors. The prediction error can then activate the motor neuron to contract the muscle in which the spindles—or other receptors—are sited: this is the classical reflex arc (Figs. ...
... include muscle spindles (via Ia and II afferents), Golgi tendon organs (via Ib afferents), and articular and cutaneous receptors. The prediction error can then activate the motor neuron to contract the muscle in which the spindles—or other receptors—are sited: this is the classical reflex arc (Figs. ...
neurophysics.ucsd.edu
... used for touch [5,6]. In humans and some other mammalian species, specialized orofacial movements produce vocalizations or speech. These actions, which are central to mammalian life, must be coordinated with a high degree of precision to prevent blockages of the airway and other maladaptive interact ...
... used for touch [5,6]. In humans and some other mammalian species, specialized orofacial movements produce vocalizations or speech. These actions, which are central to mammalian life, must be coordinated with a high degree of precision to prevent blockages of the airway and other maladaptive interact ...
CEREBRAL CORTEX - Global Anatomy Home Page
... areas that are closely associated with a particular sensory modality or motor cortex, but whose functions are clearly more complex and “global” in nature than the primary areas. Most of what is presently known about the function of association areas is derived from the effects of lesions. Functions ...
... areas that are closely associated with a particular sensory modality or motor cortex, but whose functions are clearly more complex and “global” in nature than the primary areas. Most of what is presently known about the function of association areas is derived from the effects of lesions. Functions ...
Large-Scale Functional Connectivity in Associative Learning
... learned behavior (John and Schwartz 1978). It assumes that learning and memory are ubiquitous properties of neural tissue and that the involvement of an area in learning and memory depends on the specific requirements for behavioral change (Wolpaw and Lee 1989). Our main emphasis has focused on the ...
... learned behavior (John and Schwartz 1978). It assumes that learning and memory are ubiquitous properties of neural tissue and that the involvement of an area in learning and memory depends on the specific requirements for behavioral change (Wolpaw and Lee 1989). Our main emphasis has focused on the ...
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... substantial improvement in performance that typically develops with extended practice on simple discrimination tasks. In animal models of learning, both spatially and temporally based tasks lead to progressive improvements in behavioral performance; however, the form of neural plasticity that underl ...
... substantial improvement in performance that typically develops with extended practice on simple discrimination tasks. In animal models of learning, both spatially and temporally based tasks lead to progressive improvements in behavioral performance; however, the form of neural plasticity that underl ...
specification of synaptic connections mediating the simple stretch
... specific region of the spinal cord (Brown, 1981; Lichtman et al. 1984), they are nevertheless in an anatomical position to make contact with a large number of different types of motoneurones. Groups of functionally unrelated motoneurones are often adjacent to each other in the spinal cord and can ha ...
... specific region of the spinal cord (Brown, 1981; Lichtman et al. 1984), they are nevertheless in an anatomical position to make contact with a large number of different types of motoneurones. Groups of functionally unrelated motoneurones are often adjacent to each other in the spinal cord and can ha ...
Somatosensory System Organization and Texture Sensation in Rats
... cells to a lesser degree. Neurons in the layers above and below layer IV, which receive their main sensory input from layer IV, also receive a strong input from the principal whisker.46 So, the neuronal population extending through all layers forms a cortical column associated with a single whisker, ...
... cells to a lesser degree. Neurons in the layers above and below layer IV, which receive their main sensory input from layer IV, also receive a strong input from the principal whisker.46 So, the neuronal population extending through all layers forms a cortical column associated with a single whisker, ...
Neurophysiologic markers in laryngeal muscles indicate functional
... identification using navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) would facilitate surgical planning and intraoperative mapping. The primary motor cortex (M1) for laryngeal muscles has a role in execution and motor speech control, while the posterior inferior frontal gyrus, namely Broca’s area, ...
... identification using navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) would facilitate surgical planning and intraoperative mapping. The primary motor cortex (M1) for laryngeal muscles has a role in execution and motor speech control, while the posterior inferior frontal gyrus, namely Broca’s area, ...
Normalization in human somatosensory cortex
... repeating them across brain regions and modalities to apply similar operations of the same form, hierarchically, giving rise to greater selectivity and invariance at each stage of visual processing (Heeger et al. 1996; Riesenhuber and Poggio 1999, 2002; Simoncelli and Heeger 1998), and that divisive ...
... repeating them across brain regions and modalities to apply similar operations of the same form, hierarchically, giving rise to greater selectivity and invariance at each stage of visual processing (Heeger et al. 1996; Riesenhuber and Poggio 1999, 2002; Simoncelli and Heeger 1998), and that divisive ...
BOLD fMRI study of ultrahigh frequency encoding in the
... relay for all ascending auditory projections (Malmierca, 2003) and a region that efficiently encodes vocalizations (Holmstrom et al., 2010), the tonotopic organization is a basic feature in its central nucleus (CNIC), where the CFs of neurons run from low to high along the dorsolateralventromedial di ...
... relay for all ascending auditory projections (Malmierca, 2003) and a region that efficiently encodes vocalizations (Holmstrom et al., 2010), the tonotopic organization is a basic feature in its central nucleus (CNIC), where the CFs of neurons run from low to high along the dorsolateralventromedial di ...
Neural Correlates of Vibrissa Resonance: Band
... several-fold increases in motion amplitude. We investigated the neural correlates of vibrissa resonance in trigeminal ganglion and primary somatosensory cortex (SI) neurons (regular and fast spiking units) by presenting low-amplitude, high-frequency vibrissa stimulation. We found that somatosensory ...
... several-fold increases in motion amplitude. We investigated the neural correlates of vibrissa resonance in trigeminal ganglion and primary somatosensory cortex (SI) neurons (regular and fast spiking units) by presenting low-amplitude, high-frequency vibrissa stimulation. We found that somatosensory ...
SPHS 4050, Neurological Bases, PP 09a
... Focus in on cranial nerves (there are 12 pairs) – Roots connect to CNS • brainstem • uppermost spinal cord – Exit brain and pass through skull to reach the sense organs or muscles of head and neck with which they are associated – Relatively unprotected (susceptible to damage) – All twelve relevant ...
... Focus in on cranial nerves (there are 12 pairs) – Roots connect to CNS • brainstem • uppermost spinal cord – Exit brain and pass through skull to reach the sense organs or muscles of head and neck with which they are associated – Relatively unprotected (susceptible to damage) – All twelve relevant ...
Functional segregation of the temporal lobes into highly
... gyrus and precuneus. The clear lateralization of language processing is also supported by analyses of brain morphologies (Binder et al., 1996; Hugdahl et al., 1998; Jancke et al., 1994; Jancke and Steinmetz, 1993), focusing specifically on the asymmetry of the planum temporale, which is generally la ...
... gyrus and precuneus. The clear lateralization of language processing is also supported by analyses of brain morphologies (Binder et al., 1996; Hugdahl et al., 1998; Jancke et al., 1994; Jancke and Steinmetz, 1993), focusing specifically on the asymmetry of the planum temporale, which is generally la ...
self-organising map
... is competitive learning among the neurons of the output layer (i.e. on the presentation of an input pattern only one neuron wins the competition – this is called a winner); •The ...
... is competitive learning among the neurons of the output layer (i.e. on the presentation of an input pattern only one neuron wins the competition – this is called a winner); •The ...
Self-Organizing Feature Maps with Lateral Connections: Modeling
... aerent (input) connections to the cortex. The self-organizing process is driven by external input [4, 20, 19], and appears to be based on correlated (i.e. cooccurring) neuronal activity and the resulting cooperation and competition between neurons [19, 18]. In addition to the aerent connections, t ...
... aerent (input) connections to the cortex. The self-organizing process is driven by external input [4, 20, 19], and appears to be based on correlated (i.e. cooccurring) neuronal activity and the resulting cooperation and competition between neurons [19, 18]. In addition to the aerent connections, t ...
The what, where and how of auditory
... might contribute to computations that involve target selection, the online computational processing of dynamic auditory information, audiomotor processing and other computations that involve organization of the auditory scene (see REFS 42,43,51–54 for reviews of hierarchical processing of speech in ...
... might contribute to computations that involve target selection, the online computational processing of dynamic auditory information, audiomotor processing and other computations that involve organization of the auditory scene (see REFS 42,43,51–54 for reviews of hierarchical processing of speech in ...
Likelihood approaches to sensory coding in auditory cortex
... transformation and sound-source direction for the ear of the cat. The technique originally used for determining the free-field measurements has been described in detail in a previous paper (Musicant et al 1990) from our laboratory. The simulation of these transformed sounds, as a function of sound-s ...
... transformation and sound-source direction for the ear of the cat. The technique originally used for determining the free-field measurements has been described in detail in a previous paper (Musicant et al 1990) from our laboratory. The simulation of these transformed sounds, as a function of sound-s ...
Generating Concept Map Exercises from Textbooks
... we undertook an analysis of concept maps from biology. Over a few hours, we manually clustered 4371 biology triples available on the Internet1 that span the two topics of molecules & cells and population biology. Although these two topics represent a small subset of biology topics, we hypothesize th ...
... we undertook an analysis of concept maps from biology. Over a few hours, we manually clustered 4371 biology triples available on the Internet1 that span the two topics of molecules & cells and population biology. Although these two topics represent a small subset of biology topics, we hypothesize th ...
Evolution of central pattern generators and rhythmic behaviours
... (snakes), contraction and elongation (worms), mucosal gliding (snails) and metacronal waves (millipedes). Any comprehensive description of the evolution of nervous systems needs to take into account how nervous systems generate this great diversity of behaviours. ...
... (snakes), contraction and elongation (worms), mucosal gliding (snails) and metacronal waves (millipedes). Any comprehensive description of the evolution of nervous systems needs to take into account how nervous systems generate this great diversity of behaviours. ...
A lineage-related reciprocal inhibition circuitry for sensory
... Figure 1. Structural organisation of the central complex and ellipsoid body. (a) Cartoon of adult Drosophila brain showing central complex ground pattern (PB, protocerebral bridge; FB, fan-shaped body; EB, ellipsoid body; NO, noduli; LAL, lateral accessory lobes MB, mushroom bodies are shown for ori ...
... Figure 1. Structural organisation of the central complex and ellipsoid body. (a) Cartoon of adult Drosophila brain showing central complex ground pattern (PB, protocerebral bridge; FB, fan-shaped body; EB, ellipsoid body; NO, noduli; LAL, lateral accessory lobes MB, mushroom bodies are shown for ori ...
Learning a Precedence Effect-Like Weighting Function for the Generalized Cross-Correlation Framework
... precedence effect and apply it to source localization. However, their approach makes an all-or-none decision about each localization cue and bases time delay estimates on differences between zero-crossing times instead of finding the maximum of a cross-correlation function. Recently, Faller and Meri ...
... precedence effect and apply it to source localization. However, their approach makes an all-or-none decision about each localization cue and bases time delay estimates on differences between zero-crossing times instead of finding the maximum of a cross-correlation function. Recently, Faller and Meri ...
Motor Cognition and Mental Simulation
... the corresponding movement or action ourselves. The existence of these shared representations suggests that mental simulations are particularly useful for reasoning about possible actions that you or someone else could take. Consider the results of three studies that have explored perception–action ...
... the corresponding movement or action ourselves. The existence of these shared representations suggests that mental simulations are particularly useful for reasoning about possible actions that you or someone else could take. Consider the results of three studies that have explored perception–action ...
Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may
... Targets close to the center of the visual field are represented rostrally in the SC (black circle in Fig. 1B) and targets in the periphery are represented caudally (black triangle). The deeper SC layers contain several different types of neurons that in one classification scheme (Munoz and Wurtz 199 ...
... Targets close to the center of the visual field are represented rostrally in the SC (black circle in Fig. 1B) and targets in the periphery are represented caudally (black triangle). The deeper SC layers contain several different types of neurons that in one classification scheme (Munoz and Wurtz 199 ...
Role of the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Control of
... region was demonstrated consistent with its known anatomic connections. It should be noted at this point that the ACC is not a morphologically homogeneous region. It comprises at least two cytoarchitectonic areas, Brodmann’s areas 24 and 32. In the monkey, area 32 represents the rostralmost part of ...
... region was demonstrated consistent with its known anatomic connections. It should be noted at this point that the ACC is not a morphologically homogeneous region. It comprises at least two cytoarchitectonic areas, Brodmann’s areas 24 and 32. In the monkey, area 32 represents the rostralmost part of ...