Raman microscopy in an electron microscope: combining chemical
... The main idea of combination of a confocal Raman microscope (CRM) with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is to get more information about the sample under research. Considering a SEM with all it detectors such as SE (secondary electron), BSE (back scattered electron), XRMA (X-ray micro-analyses) ...
... The main idea of combination of a confocal Raman microscope (CRM) with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is to get more information about the sample under research. Considering a SEM with all it detectors such as SE (secondary electron), BSE (back scattered electron), XRMA (X-ray micro-analyses) ...
Accurate calculation of the local density of optical states in inverse
... 兩ed · En,k共r兲兩], is not identical to 兩ed · En,␣关k兴共r兲兩, i.e., the projection of the symmetry related modes with wave vectors ␣关k兴 on the same ed. As a consequence one cannot calculate the LDOS for a specific dipole orientation by restricting the integral over the Brillouin zone in Eq. (1) to just th ...
... 兩ed · En,k共r兲兩], is not identical to 兩ed · En,␣关k兴共r兲兩, i.e., the projection of the symmetry related modes with wave vectors ␣关k兴 on the same ed. As a consequence one cannot calculate the LDOS for a specific dipole orientation by restricting the integral over the Brillouin zone in Eq. (1) to just th ...
Electrical and structural characterization of metal germanides Albert Chawanda
... A crystalline structure is formed when a basis of atoms is attached to every lattice point, with every basis identical in composition, arrangement, and orientation [1]. Many semiconductors have a simple crystal structure with high degrees of symmetry. Elemental and compound semiconductors have eithe ...
... A crystalline structure is formed when a basis of atoms is attached to every lattice point, with every basis identical in composition, arrangement, and orientation [1]. Many semiconductors have a simple crystal structure with high degrees of symmetry. Elemental and compound semiconductors have eithe ...
The crystal structures of synthetics Fe2(SO4)3(H2O)5 and
... curves) and the type specimen of lausenite (dashed curves). ...
... curves) and the type specimen of lausenite (dashed curves). ...
alkalinity of groundwater samples
... Alkalinity is a measure of the ability of a water sample to neutralize acids. It is an aggregate property that is derived from the sum of the neutralising capabilities of all bases present in a water sample. Alkalinity is measured by volumetric analysis using a standardized acid titrant. The endpoin ...
... Alkalinity is a measure of the ability of a water sample to neutralize acids. It is an aggregate property that is derived from the sum of the neutralising capabilities of all bases present in a water sample. Alkalinity is measured by volumetric analysis using a standardized acid titrant. The endpoin ...
Measuring amplitude and phase in optical fields with
... heterodyne detection. Photodetectors are sensitive to photon flux (i.e. intensity) only and therefore not to the optical phase. However, heterodyne detection offers an elegant way to measure the complex amplitude of an optical signal. This chapter will give the theoretical basis on which amplitude a ...
... heterodyne detection. Photodetectors are sensitive to photon flux (i.e. intensity) only and therefore not to the optical phase. However, heterodyne detection offers an elegant way to measure the complex amplitude of an optical signal. This chapter will give the theoretical basis on which amplitude a ...
O - Verhandlungen
... field is familiar to surface scientists in the form of surface plasmons, for example. To control the near field we have developed a new class of materials with properties not found in nature. These new materials derive their properties not from the atomic and molecular constituents of the solid, but ...
... field is familiar to surface scientists in the form of surface plasmons, for example. To control the near field we have developed a new class of materials with properties not found in nature. These new materials derive their properties not from the atomic and molecular constituents of the solid, but ...
Structural and Functional Characterization of Luminescent Silver
... The average radius of the NCs calculated using eq 2 is found to be in the range of 1.0-1.4 nm, consistent with the size obtained from the TEM image of the dialyzed sample, and is close to the value obtained recently by Balan et al.28 for silver nanoparticles prepared in tetrahydrofuran. It has been ...
... The average radius of the NCs calculated using eq 2 is found to be in the range of 1.0-1.4 nm, consistent with the size obtained from the TEM image of the dialyzed sample, and is close to the value obtained recently by Balan et al.28 for silver nanoparticles prepared in tetrahydrofuran. It has been ...
Metastable optical gratings in compound semiconductors
... back to the normal state. While in this metastable configuration, the defect, though neutral, cannot participate in hole capture because the electronic energy lies outside the band gap.17–20 Because the metastable state is prevented from participating in charge transfer or compensation mechanisms, t ...
... back to the normal state. While in this metastable configuration, the defect, though neutral, cannot participate in hole capture because the electronic energy lies outside the band gap.17–20 Because the metastable state is prevented from participating in charge transfer or compensation mechanisms, t ...
Electron Fluxes During Chemical Processes - diss.fu
... structures. While these arrows account for changes in the electronic structure from reactant to product, they do not represent the time-dependent electron rearrangement. Such a time-dependent reaction mechanism can be obtained by calculation of an electronic flux density, but for reactions in the el ...
... structures. While these arrows account for changes in the electronic structure from reactant to product, they do not represent the time-dependent electron rearrangement. Such a time-dependent reaction mechanism can be obtained by calculation of an electronic flux density, but for reactions in the el ...
Chapter 3 QUANTUM MONTE CARLO SIMULATION
... other hand, Fischetti refute Frensley's opinion arguing that the probabilitycurrent continuity is violated in any quantum jump or wavefunction collapse [Fischetti 1998]. In particular, let us highlight the following sentence: "Since the 'orthodox' (Copenhagen)interpretation allows, or even demands, ...
... other hand, Fischetti refute Frensley's opinion arguing that the probabilitycurrent continuity is violated in any quantum jump or wavefunction collapse [Fischetti 1998]. In particular, let us highlight the following sentence: "Since the 'orthodox' (Copenhagen)interpretation allows, or even demands, ...
Guide for the Measurement of Smooth Surface Topography using
... IQE Ltd Mike Conroy, Darian Mauger Taylor Hobson Ltd ...
... IQE Ltd Mike Conroy, Darian Mauger Taylor Hobson Ltd ...
Imaging Electrons in Few-Electron Quantum Dots
... A technique for extracting the amplitude of the electronic wavefunction inside a quantum dot using a scanning probe microscope was proposed. A map of the shift in the energy level inside the quantum dot as a function of tip position is calculated from the SPM images. This energy shift, in first orde ...
... A technique for extracting the amplitude of the electronic wavefunction inside a quantum dot using a scanning probe microscope was proposed. A map of the shift in the energy level inside the quantum dot as a function of tip position is calculated from the SPM images. This energy shift, in first orde ...
Triple resonance for a three-level system of a chiral molecule
... the rotational spectra of C1 chiral molecules. This is the start of the present research; I suspected that this puzzle was closely related to Hund’s paradox. I keep in mind mainly pure rotational spectroscopy of molecules such as microwave spectroscopy as an experimental tool of the present study, b ...
... the rotational spectra of C1 chiral molecules. This is the start of the present research; I suspected that this puzzle was closely related to Hund’s paradox. I keep in mind mainly pure rotational spectroscopy of molecules such as microwave spectroscopy as an experimental tool of the present study, b ...
Thesis - Max Planck Institut für Festkörperforschung
... energy with respect to the Fermi energy ...
... energy with respect to the Fermi energy ...
TCNQ-based Supramolecular Architectures at Metal Surfaces
... near edge x-ray absorption ne structure ...
... near edge x-ray absorption ne structure ...
Lactose/D-Galactose
... Accurately weigh approx. 1 g of sample into a 100 ml volumetric flask, add approx. 60 ml water and incubate for 15 min at approx. 70°C; shake from time to time. For clarification, add 5 ml of Carrez-I-solution (3.60 g potassium hexacyanoferrate(II), K4[Fe(CN)6] × 3 H2O/100 ml), 5 ml of Carrez-II-sol ...
... Accurately weigh approx. 1 g of sample into a 100 ml volumetric flask, add approx. 60 ml water and incubate for 15 min at approx. 70°C; shake from time to time. For clarification, add 5 ml of Carrez-I-solution (3.60 g potassium hexacyanoferrate(II), K4[Fe(CN)6] × 3 H2O/100 ml), 5 ml of Carrez-II-sol ...
Femtosecond powder diffraction with a laser-driven hard X
... change the structure factor and, thus, the diffracted intensities as well. In femtosecond powder diffraction, the photoinduced structural changes are monitored by hard X-ray probe pulses diffracted from the excited sample for different pump-probe delays. This method requires synchronized optical and ...
... change the structure factor and, thus, the diffracted intensities as well. In femtosecond powder diffraction, the photoinduced structural changes are monitored by hard X-ray probe pulses diffracted from the excited sample for different pump-probe delays. This method requires synchronized optical and ...
Lactose/D-Galactose
... Accurately weigh approx. 1 g of sample into a 100 ml volumetric flask, add approx. 60 ml water and incubate for 15 min at approx. 70°C; shake from time to time. For clarification, add 5 ml of Carrez-I-solution (3.60 g potassium hexacyanoferrate(II), K4[Fe(CN)6] × 3 H2O/100 ml), 5 ml of Carrez-II-sol ...
... Accurately weigh approx. 1 g of sample into a 100 ml volumetric flask, add approx. 60 ml water and incubate for 15 min at approx. 70°C; shake from time to time. For clarification, add 5 ml of Carrez-I-solution (3.60 g potassium hexacyanoferrate(II), K4[Fe(CN)6] × 3 H2O/100 ml), 5 ml of Carrez-II-sol ...
High Frequency Noise Detection in Mesoscopic Devices
... atoms such that statistical properties (e.g. temperature and distribution function) still have meaning. Extensive studies, both theoretical and experimental, in the field of mesoscopic physics, over the last two decades, have lead to a better understanding for the phenomena taking place in these low ...
... atoms such that statistical properties (e.g. temperature and distribution function) still have meaning. Extensive studies, both theoretical and experimental, in the field of mesoscopic physics, over the last two decades, have lead to a better understanding for the phenomena taking place in these low ...
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
... the order of 100 times if an atomic sized probe is to be achieved. In a Schottky gun the demagnification must be even greater. The size of the image of the source is not the only probe size defining factor. Electron lenses suffer from inherent aberrations, in particular spherical and chromatic aberr ...
... the order of 100 times if an atomic sized probe is to be achieved. In a Schottky gun the demagnification must be even greater. The size of the image of the source is not the only probe size defining factor. Electron lenses suffer from inherent aberrations, in particular spherical and chromatic aberr ...
Chemical Force Spectroscopy in Heterogeneous Systems
... of the liquid medium in which the experiments were carried out was also examined systematically. The molecular character of the tip, polymer, and liquid all influenced the adhesion. Complementary macroscopic contact angle measurements were used to assist in the quantitative interpretation of the CFM ...
... of the liquid medium in which the experiments were carried out was also examined systematically. The molecular character of the tip, polymer, and liquid all influenced the adhesion. Complementary macroscopic contact angle measurements were used to assist in the quantitative interpretation of the CFM ...
Raman Spectroscopy: Introductory Tutorial
... • A vibrational spectroscopy - IR and Raman are the most common vibrational spectroscopies for assessing molecular motion and fingerprinting species - Based on inelastic scattering of a monochromatic excitation source - Routine energy range: 200 - 4000 cm–1 ...
... • A vibrational spectroscopy - IR and Raman are the most common vibrational spectroscopies for assessing molecular motion and fingerprinting species - Based on inelastic scattering of a monochromatic excitation source - Routine energy range: 200 - 4000 cm–1 ...
“Superluminal” Pulse Propagation Dynamics by George M. Gehring
... a region of negative group velocity the transmitted pulse exits the region before the peak of the incident pulse enters. In addition, theory predicts the presence of a peak within the region that propagates backwards, linking the incident and transmitted peaks. We determine the accuracy of these pre ...
... a region of negative group velocity the transmitted pulse exits the region before the peak of the incident pulse enters. In addition, theory predicts the presence of a peak within the region that propagates backwards, linking the incident and transmitted peaks. We determine the accuracy of these pre ...
Hybrid superconductor junctions with diluted PtNi ferromagnetic interlayer Taras Golod
... cm) which is much bigger than average distance between pairs (the last is of the order of interatomic distance). In other words, the wave functions of the Cooper pairs are strongly overlap with each other. The result is that all pairs are synchronized i.e. have not only the same velocity but also th ...
... cm) which is much bigger than average distance between pairs (the last is of the order of interatomic distance). In other words, the wave functions of the Cooper pairs are strongly overlap with each other. The result is that all pairs are synchronized i.e. have not only the same velocity but also th ...
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), an extension of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), is used to provide information about the density of electrons in a sample as a function of their energy.In scanning tunneling microscopy, a metal tip is moved over a conducting sample without making mechanical contact. A bias voltage between the sample and tip allows a current to flow between the tip and the sample even though they are not in contact. This can occur because of quantum mechanical tunneling, hence the name of the instrument.The scanning tunneling microscope is used to obtain ""topographs"" - topographic maps - of surfaces. The tip is rastered across a surface and (in constant current mode), a constant current is maintained between the tip and the sample by adjusting the height of the tip. A plot of the tip height at all measurement positions on the raster provides the topograph. These topographic images can obtain information that is atomically resolved, and images of metal and semiconductor surfaces can be obtained with atomic precision.However, the scanning tunneling microscope does not measure the height of surface features. This can be shown when a molecule is adsorbed on a surface. The STM image may appear to have either increased or decreased height at that feature, although the geometry alone is certainly an increased height. A detailed analysis of the way in which an image is formed shows that the transmission of the electric current between the tip and the sample depends on two factors: (1) the geometry of the sample and (2) the arrangement of the electrons in the sample. The arrangement of the electrons in the sample is described quantum mechanically by an ""electron density"". The electron density is a function of both position and energy, and is formally described as the local density of electron states, abbreviated as local density of states (LDOS), which is a function of energy.Spectroscopy, in its most general sense, refers to a measurement of the number of something as a function of energy. For scanning tunneling spectroscopy the scanning tunneling microscope is used to measure the number of electrons (the LDOS) as a function of the electron energy. The electron energy is set by the electrical potential difference (voltage) between the sample and the tip. The location is set by the position of the tip.At its simplest, a ""scanning tunneling spectrum"" is obtained by placing a scanning tunneling microscope tip above a particular place on the sample. With the height of the tip fixed, the electron tunneling current is then measured as a function of electron energy by varying the voltage between the tip and the sample (the tip to sample voltage sets the electron energy). The change of the current with the energy of the electrons is the simplest spectrum that can be obtained, it is often referred to as an I-V curve. As is shown below, it is the slope of the I-V curve at each voltage (often called the dI/dV-curve) which is more fundamental because dI/dV corresponds to the electron density of states at the local position of the tip, the LDOS.