PHILOSOPHY, HISTORY
... constraints of time, money, and resources severely limit replication and spatial dimensions of field experiments. Consequently, approximately 80% of all field manipulations have employed quadrats of only 1 m2 (Kareiva and Anderson 1988). It is difficult to generalize the results of such small-scale ...
... constraints of time, money, and resources severely limit replication and spatial dimensions of field experiments. Consequently, approximately 80% of all field manipulations have employed quadrats of only 1 m2 (Kareiva and Anderson 1988). It is difficult to generalize the results of such small-scale ...
Functional uniformity - Portsmouth Research Portal
... faunas recorded from such habitats indicates that there are also both (i) a rather limited ...
... faunas recorded from such habitats indicates that there are also both (i) a rather limited ...
5 Neural Coding of Sound with Cochlear Damage
... designed to transduce sound into the electrical activity of neurons. Damage to any of the components of the cochlea can result in hearing impairment. The development, structure, and vulnerability of the cochlea are the subject of the other chapters in this volume. Here, the focus is on the consequen ...
... designed to transduce sound into the electrical activity of neurons. Damage to any of the components of the cochlea can result in hearing impairment. The development, structure, and vulnerability of the cochlea are the subject of the other chapters in this volume. Here, the focus is on the consequen ...
13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships
... • Ecologists could use models to determine the movement of the fire, locations where prescribed burns should take place, and areas with the potential for outbreaks. • Key variables might include: • Forest density • Types of trees or vegetation • Plant and animal population • Wind patterns • Weather ...
... • Ecologists could use models to determine the movement of the fire, locations where prescribed burns should take place, and areas with the potential for outbreaks. • Key variables might include: • Forest density • Types of trees or vegetation • Plant and animal population • Wind patterns • Weather ...
343/2001 CONTRACT RESEARCH REPORT Damage to human hearing by airborne sound
... noise. Review of the scant literature shows few workers represented, and none with more than about five years daily contact with potentially harmful noise. Workday exposure conditions are not described sufficiently to judge if any recognised limit had been exceeded. The reported hearing deficits wer ...
... noise. Review of the scant literature shows few workers represented, and none with more than about five years daily contact with potentially harmful noise. Workday exposure conditions are not described sufficiently to judge if any recognised limit had been exceeded. The reported hearing deficits wer ...
Parasitoid Wasps, Natural Enemies of Insects
... parasitoids. Parasitoid wasps are highly diverse and specialized to attack a particular host life stage (egg, larvae, pupae and adults) of most arthropods, mainly insects. They are highly specialized due the tight intimate relationship with their respective hosts. The diversity and radiation of the ...
... parasitoids. Parasitoid wasps are highly diverse and specialized to attack a particular host life stage (egg, larvae, pupae and adults) of most arthropods, mainly insects. They are highly specialized due the tight intimate relationship with their respective hosts. The diversity and radiation of the ...
Disturbance, Scale, and Boundary in Wilderness
... values and the patterns of system responses vary systematically; thus, it will be possible to work towards generality in understanding the effects of disturbances across ecosystems. Fourth, the characteristics of species and ecosystems are themselves the products of past events on evolutionary and e ...
... values and the patterns of system responses vary systematically; thus, it will be possible to work towards generality in understanding the effects of disturbances across ecosystems. Fourth, the characteristics of species and ecosystems are themselves the products of past events on evolutionary and e ...
SPOTTED HYAENA SURVIVAL AND DENSITY IN A LION
... Holekamp, 2009; Kolowski et al., 2007; Schuette et al., 2013). Wildlife residing close to human settlements are expected to experience stronger anthropogenic effects than those inhabiting the interior of protected areas. Conversely, in some ecosystems where human settlements occur, ungulates hav ...
... Holekamp, 2009; Kolowski et al., 2007; Schuette et al., 2013). Wildlife residing close to human settlements are expected to experience stronger anthropogenic effects than those inhabiting the interior of protected areas. Conversely, in some ecosystems where human settlements occur, ungulates hav ...
Marine Chemical Ecology: Chemical Signals and Cues Structure
... cues can be so powerful that male crustaceans will guard, carry, and attempt to mate with sponges, air-stones, rocks, or golf balls if these have been treated with the correct pheromone (Asai et al. 2000, Hardege et al. 2002, Breithaupt & Thiel 2008). Thus, understanding the varied roles that chemic ...
... cues can be so powerful that male crustaceans will guard, carry, and attempt to mate with sponges, air-stones, rocks, or golf balls if these have been treated with the correct pheromone (Asai et al. 2000, Hardege et al. 2002, Breithaupt & Thiel 2008). Thus, understanding the varied roles that chemic ...
Replacing Sources with Sinks: When Do Populations Go Down the
... by no means the only one in which land is converted into habitat with lower value to wildlife populations. When prairies are converted into grazed grasslands, or forests into fragmented woodlots, there is no legal requirement to provide mitigation, but negative ecological impacts occur, nonetheless. ...
... by no means the only one in which land is converted into habitat with lower value to wildlife populations. When prairies are converted into grazed grasslands, or forests into fragmented woodlots, there is no legal requirement to provide mitigation, but negative ecological impacts occur, nonetheless. ...
Managing open habitats in upland forests
... The term ‘open’ is used here to mean unwooded. Open habitats are the habitats on open ground plus the aquatic habitats of open water. Virtually all open ground is habitat for some plants and animals, and several distinct habitat types are recognised. These are defined by combinations of characterist ...
... The term ‘open’ is used here to mean unwooded. Open habitats are the habitats on open ground plus the aquatic habitats of open water. Virtually all open ground is habitat for some plants and animals, and several distinct habitat types are recognised. These are defined by combinations of characterist ...
Spatial dynamics and cross-correlation in a transient predator–prey
... parallel, great theoretical stride has been made in studies of spatially extended consumer-resource systems (Hassel et al. 1991; Wilson & Hassell 1997; Wilson et al. 1999; Keeling, Wilson, & Pacala. 2000). Much of that work, however, focused on the stationary (asymptotic) dynamics that will have lit ...
... parallel, great theoretical stride has been made in studies of spatially extended consumer-resource systems (Hassel et al. 1991; Wilson & Hassell 1997; Wilson et al. 1999; Keeling, Wilson, & Pacala. 2000). Much of that work, however, focused on the stationary (asymptotic) dynamics that will have lit ...
Niche and metabolic principles explain patterns of diversity and
... these constraints on diversity is to empirically and theoretically study ecological systems and suites of environmental gradients characterized by relative simplicity and minimal confounding variables. Indeed, it seems unlikely that ecologists will be able to develop a robust and unifying understand ...
... these constraints on diversity is to empirically and theoretically study ecological systems and suites of environmental gradients characterized by relative simplicity and minimal confounding variables. Indeed, it seems unlikely that ecologists will be able to develop a robust and unifying understand ...
Standard PDF - Wiley Online Library
... ing mode shifts (Wasiolka et al., 2009), these changes may accordingly ...
... ing mode shifts (Wasiolka et al., 2009), these changes may accordingly ...
BiomePresentation project
... - Describe how organisms within the same species and different species compete for resources Resource level starts high, ends low ...
... - Describe how organisms within the same species and different species compete for resources Resource level starts high, ends low ...
Eelgrass Conservation for the BC Coast
... Monitoring of eelgrass sites to identify causes of change is intrinsically linked with issues of scale. Mapping of eelgrass over landscape scales provides information on the aerial coverage of eelgrass in a region, changes to depth related distributions and longterm changes in eelgrass abundance and ...
... Monitoring of eelgrass sites to identify causes of change is intrinsically linked with issues of scale. Mapping of eelgrass over landscape scales provides information on the aerial coverage of eelgrass in a region, changes to depth related distributions and longterm changes in eelgrass abundance and ...
Large wildlife removal drives immune defence increases
... invasive species have been shown to impact immune function of wild animals. These immune changes have direct impacts on the fitness of impacted animals and, also, potentially indirect effects on other species and on ecological processes, notably involving the spread of infectious disease. Here, we inv ...
... invasive species have been shown to impact immune function of wild animals. These immune changes have direct impacts on the fitness of impacted animals and, also, potentially indirect effects on other species and on ecological processes, notably involving the spread of infectious disease. Here, we inv ...
Pitch perception of musicians and non-musicians
... idea that pitch perception is dependent on the tonotopic organization of the basilar membrane, organization of frequency-specific fibers in the vestibulocochlear nerve, and the further tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex. Timing theory is the conjecture that pitch perception is dependent o ...
... idea that pitch perception is dependent on the tonotopic organization of the basilar membrane, organization of frequency-specific fibers in the vestibulocochlear nerve, and the further tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex. Timing theory is the conjecture that pitch perception is dependent o ...
American Journal of Botan
... the resulting habitat fragmentation also involves profound alterations to the physical environment that generates new habitat and great heterogeneity over multiple scales of space and time (Saunders et al., 1991; Saunders, 1998). The spectrum of organisms, from microbes to mammals, that occupies hea ...
... the resulting habitat fragmentation also involves profound alterations to the physical environment that generates new habitat and great heterogeneity over multiple scales of space and time (Saunders et al., 1991; Saunders, 1998). The spectrum of organisms, from microbes to mammals, that occupies hea ...
The ecological effects of providing resource subsidies to predators
... within a food web are controlled primarily by dominant predators or top-down forces. However, bottom-up factors, such as food availability and habitat structure, can also influence predator interactions (Ritchie & Johnson, 2009). For example, resource abundance can temporarily allow prey populations ...
... within a food web are controlled primarily by dominant predators or top-down forces. However, bottom-up factors, such as food availability and habitat structure, can also influence predator interactions (Ritchie & Johnson, 2009). For example, resource abundance can temporarily allow prey populations ...
Teachers` notes
... Heathlands contain many species that are endangered or threatened. They are extremely important habitats for spiders and one of the only habitats in the UK that can contain all six of our native reptile species. Particular risks associated with heathlands in some areas include the possibility of enc ...
... Heathlands contain many species that are endangered or threatened. They are extremely important habitats for spiders and one of the only habitats in the UK that can contain all six of our native reptile species. Particular risks associated with heathlands in some areas include the possibility of enc ...
IDENTIFICATION OF IMPORTANT HABITATS IN THE LOWER
... We also required that sufficient data be available to insure that habitat maps could be produced and satisfy scrutiny of technical reviewers. Some species of high local interest, such as harbor seal, various marine fishes and American lobster were not selected either because they were not on the GOM ...
... We also required that sufficient data be available to insure that habitat maps could be produced and satisfy scrutiny of technical reviewers. Some species of high local interest, such as harbor seal, various marine fishes and American lobster were not selected either because they were not on the GOM ...
Stability and complexity : a reappraisal of the Competitive Exclusion
... stability. Using the Shannon-Weaver formula derived from the theory of information, he believed to have demonstrated that complexity and stability were consistent within trophic ...
... stability. Using the Shannon-Weaver formula derived from the theory of information, he believed to have demonstrated that complexity and stability were consistent within trophic ...
Reefscapes of fear: predation risk and reef
... 1. Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is often context dependent, but in some ecosystems these contingencies are often overlooked. 2. Risk effects are often not uniform across landscapes or ...
... 1. Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is often context dependent, but in some ecosystems these contingencies are often overlooked. 2. Risk effects are often not uniform across landscapes or ...
Soundscape ecology
Soundscape ecology is the study of sound within a landscape and its effect on organisms. Sounds may be generated by organisms (biophony), by the physical environment (geophony), or by humans (anthrophony). Soundscape ecologists seek to understand how these different sound sources interact across spatial scales and through time. Variation in soundscapes may have wide-ranging ecological effects as organisms often obtain information from environmental sounds. Soundscape ecologists use recording devices, audio tools, and elements of traditional ecological analyses to study soundscape structure. Increasingly, anthrophony, sometimes referred to in older, more archaic terminology as anthropogenic noise dominates soundscapes, and this type of noise pollution or disturbance has a negative impact on a wide range of organisms. The preservation of natural soundscapes is now a recognized conservation goal.