The Development of Femtosecond Electron Diffraction for
... taking real-time snapshots of transmission electron patterns. The damped single-mode breathing motion of the Al film along the surface normal was recorded as coherent and in-phase oscillations of all the Bragg peak positions. The concurrent lattice heating was measured by tracking the associated Bra ...
... taking real-time snapshots of transmission electron patterns. The damped single-mode breathing motion of the Al film along the surface normal was recorded as coherent and in-phase oscillations of all the Bragg peak positions. The concurrent lattice heating was measured by tracking the associated Bra ...
Laser and Gaussian Beam Propagation and Transformation
... see in this section, they are well characterized and the evolution is smooth and easily predicted. The amplitude function representing a Gaussian beam can be deduced from the boundary conditions of the optical resonator where the laser radiation is produced.[7 – 9,33,34] The geometrical characterist ...
... see in this section, they are well characterized and the evolution is smooth and easily predicted. The amplitude function representing a Gaussian beam can be deduced from the boundary conditions of the optical resonator where the laser radiation is produced.[7 – 9,33,34] The geometrical characterist ...
Chapter 4 Optical Resonator
... (b) A transparent plate of thickness d, = 2.5 cm and refractive index n = 1.5 is placed inside the resonator and is tilted slightly to prevent light reflected from the plate from reaching the mirrors. Determine the spacing between the resonance frequencies of the resonator. 2. Semiconductor lasers a ...
... (b) A transparent plate of thickness d, = 2.5 cm and refractive index n = 1.5 is placed inside the resonator and is tilted slightly to prevent light reflected from the plate from reaching the mirrors. Determine the spacing between the resonance frequencies of the resonator. 2. Semiconductor lasers a ...
Jonesresub
... the interaction of light fields with matter. It is also an important component in applications, such as metrology, sensing, communications and display technologies. New technologies, materials and devices, such as liquid crystals,1 have advanced our understanding of the subtle ways in which vector f ...
... the interaction of light fields with matter. It is also an important component in applications, such as metrology, sensing, communications and display technologies. New technologies, materials and devices, such as liquid crystals,1 have advanced our understanding of the subtle ways in which vector f ...
Enhanced 3D spatial resolution in quantitative phase
... Quantitative phase imaging is commonly used with coherent illumination because it allows a relatively simple interpretation of the measurement, but the drawback is that it also genarates speckle distribution in the images. Only a few techniques can deal with a low temporal coherent source [6,7,9,11, ...
... Quantitative phase imaging is commonly used with coherent illumination because it allows a relatively simple interpretation of the measurement, but the drawback is that it also genarates speckle distribution in the images. Only a few techniques can deal with a low temporal coherent source [6,7,9,11, ...
Basic Principles and Applications of Holography
... parallax of the virtual image by allowing students to look up and down and left to right. Now hold the emulsion side of the hologram on top of a cup of hot water (tea, coffee) and allow the steam to “swell” the gelatin. Observe the image again and notice that the color has been shifted toward red. T ...
... parallax of the virtual image by allowing students to look up and down and left to right. Now hold the emulsion side of the hologram on top of a cup of hot water (tea, coffee) and allow the steam to “swell” the gelatin. Observe the image again and notice that the color has been shifted toward red. T ...
Increasing the Resolution of Far
... microscope focuses accelerated electrons rather than light. The de Broglie wavelength of the electrons can be as small as 0.005 nm and is easily controllable by an acceleration voltage of typically 50-100 kV so that the wave nature of the electrons does hardly play a limiting role. Presently, electr ...
... microscope focuses accelerated electrons rather than light. The de Broglie wavelength of the electrons can be as small as 0.005 nm and is easily controllable by an acceleration voltage of typically 50-100 kV so that the wave nature of the electrons does hardly play a limiting role. Presently, electr ...
Extended Nijboer-Zernike representation of the vector field in the
... system, conjugated at infinity on the object side, that obeys Abbe’s sine condition, see Ref.14, Subsec. 8.6.3(b). As a consequence, the modulus of the complex amplitude in the exit pupil contains an intrinsic factor involving the numerical aperture NA = sin α = s0 and a factor B(ρ, θ) that is specifi ...
... system, conjugated at infinity on the object side, that obeys Abbe’s sine condition, see Ref.14, Subsec. 8.6.3(b). As a consequence, the modulus of the complex amplitude in the exit pupil contains an intrinsic factor involving the numerical aperture NA = sin α = s0 and a factor B(ρ, θ) that is specifi ...
Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing: A route towards
... setup provides wide-field imaging with an enlarged focal spot avoiding the need of scanning the focal spot across the sample, since the focal spot size is determined by the input beam diameter and the magnification of the optical system depicted in Figure 1.12 The large potential of this technique h ...
... setup provides wide-field imaging with an enlarged focal spot avoiding the need of scanning the focal spot across the sample, since the focal spot size is determined by the input beam diameter and the magnification of the optical system depicted in Figure 1.12 The large potential of this technique h ...
Airy disk
In optics, the Airy disk (or Airy disc) and Airy pattern are descriptions of the best focused spot of light that a perfect lens with a circular aperture can make, limited by the diffraction of light. The Airy disk is of importance in physics, optics, and astronomy.The diffraction pattern resulting from a uniformly-illuminated circular aperture has a bright region in the center, known as the Airy disk which together with the series of concentric bright rings around is called the Airy pattern. Both are named after George Biddell Airy. The disk and rings phenomenon had been known prior to Airy; John Herschel described the appearance of a bright star seen through a telescope under high magnification for an 1828 article on light for the Encyclopedia Metropolitana:...the star is then seen (in favourable circumstances of tranquil atmosphere, uniform temperature, &c.) as a perfectly round, well-defined planetary disc, surrounded by two, three, or more alternately dark and bright rings, which, if examined attentively, are seen to be slightly coloured at their borders. They succeed each other nearly at equal intervals round the central disc....However, Airy wrote the first full theoretical treatment explaining the phenomenon (his 1835 ""On the Diffraction of an Object-glass with Circular Aperture"").Mathematically, the diffraction pattern is characterized by the wavelength of light illuminating the circular aperture, and the aperture's size. The appearance of the diffraction pattern is additionally characterized by the sensitivity of the eye or other detector used to observe the pattern.The most important application of this concept is in cameras and telescopes. Owing to diffraction, the smallest point to which a lens or mirror can focus a beam of light is the size of the Airy disk. Even if one were able to make a perfect lens, there is still a limit to the resolution of an image created by this lens. An optical system in which the resolution is no longer limited by imperfections in the lenses but only by diffraction is said to be diffraction limited.