![The abundance and size of giant sea anemones at different](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/007969800_1-13375dcf2cd73543da9d7a02199eb750-300x300.png)
The abundance and size of giant sea anemones at different
... diameter of anemone's body and depth of waters (Figure 7B) has also no a clear pattern. In the depth of > 0–2 m, diameter of body was found high i.e. 31 cm and 32 cm, but was also found low i.e. 20 cm. In the depths of > 2–4 m, diameter of body was found high i.e. 27 cm, 29 cm and 30 cm, but also fo ...
... diameter of anemone's body and depth of waters (Figure 7B) has also no a clear pattern. In the depth of > 0–2 m, diameter of body was found high i.e. 31 cm and 32 cm, but was also found low i.e. 20 cm. In the depths of > 2–4 m, diameter of body was found high i.e. 27 cm, 29 cm and 30 cm, but also fo ...
The Impacts of Marine Debris: A Review and Synthesis of Existing
... Administration [NOAA], 2012)." An estimated 6.4 million tonnes of debris enter our world's oceans every year (Fisheries and Oceans Canada [DFO], 2012). Due to current patterns in the world's oceans, marine debris can collect in enormous fields of floating garbage, such as the 3million-tonne Pacific ...
... Administration [NOAA], 2012)." An estimated 6.4 million tonnes of debris enter our world's oceans every year (Fisheries and Oceans Canada [DFO], 2012). Due to current patterns in the world's oceans, marine debris can collect in enormous fields of floating garbage, such as the 3million-tonne Pacific ...
Potential and Recent Problems of the Possible Polymetallic Sources
... width ranging from 2 to 10 km and length of several dozen kilometers, are determined by geological nature of several seafloor elevations/depressions, usually with inclined slopes. The «patchy» (flat seafloor) ore fields have greater width of about 70 km and a length often over 120 km. Both types of ...
... width ranging from 2 to 10 km and length of several dozen kilometers, are determined by geological nature of several seafloor elevations/depressions, usually with inclined slopes. The «patchy» (flat seafloor) ore fields have greater width of about 70 km and a length often over 120 km. Both types of ...
Analytical relationships between atmospheric carbon dioxide
... atmosphere (Figure 2a, gray solid line), an increase in biological fallout of soft tissue and calcium carbonate material (Figure 2a, gray dashed and dotted lines, respectively). For the carbon emissions, there is an initial peak in atmospheric concentrations and then a decline to a background state ...
... atmosphere (Figure 2a, gray solid line), an increase in biological fallout of soft tissue and calcium carbonate material (Figure 2a, gray dashed and dotted lines, respectively). For the carbon emissions, there is an initial peak in atmospheric concentrations and then a decline to a background state ...
Protecting Marine Spaces
... Initially, calls for MPAs were highly targeted, with conservation-based nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) driving attention towards conserving critical habitats for endangered and charismatic species such as turtles and marine mammals, and to high-profile habitats such as coral reefs, intertidal ...
... Initially, calls for MPAs were highly targeted, with conservation-based nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) driving attention towards conserving critical habitats for endangered and charismatic species such as turtles and marine mammals, and to high-profile habitats such as coral reefs, intertidal ...
A mission concept for simultaneous measurements of marine winds
... and comparisons between real and retrieved surface currents are presented. The proposed ocean Doppler scatterometer can be used to generate global surface ocean current maps with accuracies better than 0.2 m/s at a spatial resolution better than 25 km (i.e., 12.5 km spatial sampling) on a daily basi ...
... and comparisons between real and retrieved surface currents are presented. The proposed ocean Doppler scatterometer can be used to generate global surface ocean current maps with accuracies better than 0.2 m/s at a spatial resolution better than 25 km (i.e., 12.5 km spatial sampling) on a daily basi ...
Microbial eukaryotic distribution in a dynamic Beaufort Sea and the
... organisms suggest that the Arctic is an ideal environment to test hypothesis of endemism in single-celled planktonic groups. Here, we investigate the distribution of phylotypes of small protists identified by their 18S rRNA gene. We constructed nine new clone libraries from three different water mas ...
... organisms suggest that the Arctic is an ideal environment to test hypothesis of endemism in single-celled planktonic groups. Here, we investigate the distribution of phylotypes of small protists identified by their 18S rRNA gene. We constructed nine new clone libraries from three different water mas ...
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide Policy document 12/05 June 2005
... components of the phytoplankton and the zooplankton, and are a major food source for fish and other animals. Regional variations in pH will mean that by 2100 the process of calcification may have become extremely difficult for these groups of organisms particularly in the Southern Ocean. Some shallo ...
... components of the phytoplankton and the zooplankton, and are a major food source for fish and other animals. Regional variations in pH will mean that by 2100 the process of calcification may have become extremely difficult for these groups of organisms particularly in the Southern Ocean. Some shallo ...
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide
... components of the phytoplankton and the zooplankton, and are a major food source for fish and other animals. Regional variations in pH will mean that by 2100 the process of calcification may have become extremely difficult for these groups of organisms particularly in the Southern Ocean. Some shallo ...
... components of the phytoplankton and the zooplankton, and are a major food source for fish and other animals. Regional variations in pH will mean that by 2100 the process of calcification may have become extremely difficult for these groups of organisms particularly in the Southern Ocean. Some shallo ...
Guam 1
... recommendations contained in the report can have major impacts, especially on an island like Guam where our entire landmass is coastal in nature, and such a short timeline does not provide enough time to thoroughly assess the report and its broad implications. Second, the report unfortunately follo ...
... recommendations contained in the report can have major impacts, especially on an island like Guam where our entire landmass is coastal in nature, and such a short timeline does not provide enough time to thoroughly assess the report and its broad implications. Second, the report unfortunately follo ...
Safeguarding the Health of Oceans
... dollars annually by recent estimates. In reality, though, they are invaluable. Without oceans, life as we know it would cease to exist.4 Oblivious to the peril, humanity has pushed the world’s oceans close to—and in some cases past—their natural limits. The warning signs are clear. Seven out of 10 c ...
... dollars annually by recent estimates. In reality, though, they are invaluable. Without oceans, life as we know it would cease to exist.4 Oblivious to the peril, humanity has pushed the world’s oceans close to—and in some cases past—their natural limits. The warning signs are clear. Seven out of 10 c ...
Modeling of the Total Alkalinity and the Total Inorganic Carbon
... waters coming from the continents than most of the stations of the 2013 MedSeA cruise (Fig.1). In the coastal zone, total alkalinity inputs by rivers (ex. the nearby Rhone has an AT = 2885 µmol kg-1 [5]) and potentially by sediments, may induce the steep slope of the regression line. In the Alboran ...
... waters coming from the continents than most of the stations of the 2013 MedSeA cruise (Fig.1). In the coastal zone, total alkalinity inputs by rivers (ex. the nearby Rhone has an AT = 2885 µmol kg-1 [5]) and potentially by sediments, may induce the steep slope of the regression line. In the Alboran ...
Nearshore Marine Ecoregion - State Employee Information Center
... plants, and micro-organisms. Marine habitats and species are integral parts of Oregon’s complex nearshore ecosystem, and are interconnected through food webs, nutrient cycling, habitat usage, and ocean currents. They are also influenced by a multitude of other biological, physical, chemical, geologi ...
... plants, and micro-organisms. Marine habitats and species are integral parts of Oregon’s complex nearshore ecosystem, and are interconnected through food webs, nutrient cycling, habitat usage, and ocean currents. They are also influenced by a multitude of other biological, physical, chemical, geologi ...
How does the resuspension of the biofilm alter the functioning of the
... the pelagos as systems connected by spatial flows at high tide to form a stable meta-system. We have used this concept in order to describe and to understand the effects of the benthos–pelagos coupling on the properties of the food webs and its consequences on the stability of the Brouage mudflat meta ...
... the pelagos as systems connected by spatial flows at high tide to form a stable meta-system. We have used this concept in order to describe and to understand the effects of the benthos–pelagos coupling on the properties of the food webs and its consequences on the stability of the Brouage mudflat meta ...
Draft decision submitted by the Chair of Working Group II
... biodiversity in areas, within the respective jurisdictions of Parties and other Governments and the mandates of intergovernmental organizations, described as meeting the EBSA criteria and contained in the EBSA repository; 12. Requests the Executive Secretary, in collaboration with Parties, other Gov ...
... biodiversity in areas, within the respective jurisdictions of Parties and other Governments and the mandates of intergovernmental organizations, described as meeting the EBSA criteria and contained in the EBSA repository; 12. Requests the Executive Secretary, in collaboration with Parties, other Gov ...
Primary production profiles in the ocean : estimation from
... incubator procedure (Platt et al., 1980) using an incubation box and artificial lights. This method differs from the simulated in situ (SIS) profile (e. g., Harrison et al., 1984) which employs ambient solar light for deck incubations. Our experimental design afforded higher vertical resolution ~ 3 ...
... incubator procedure (Platt et al., 1980) using an incubation box and artificial lights. This method differs from the simulated in situ (SIS) profile (e. g., Harrison et al., 1984) which employs ambient solar light for deck incubations. Our experimental design afforded higher vertical resolution ~ 3 ...
Element transport in aquatic ecosystems – modelling general
... Union carried out atmospheric nuclear weapons tests (UNSCEAR, 2000); 2) The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 caused considerable fallout of Cs-137 and Sr-90 over the Baltic Sea and areas of eastern Sweden (HELCOM, 2009; Håkanson et al., 1992). However, it should be remembered th ...
... Union carried out atmospheric nuclear weapons tests (UNSCEAR, 2000); 2) The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 caused considerable fallout of Cs-137 and Sr-90 over the Baltic Sea and areas of eastern Sweden (HELCOM, 2009; Håkanson et al., 1992). However, it should be remembered th ...
draft summary report on the description of areas meeting the
... within the area, which also includes spawning areas, nursery areas and key transport pathways for demersal and pelagic fish. This area is also used by endangered leatherback turtles. Potential vulnerable habitats and species include submarine canyons, steep shelf edge, deep reefs, outer shelf and sh ...
... within the area, which also includes spawning areas, nursery areas and key transport pathways for demersal and pelagic fish. This area is also used by endangered leatherback turtles. Potential vulnerable habitats and species include submarine canyons, steep shelf edge, deep reefs, outer shelf and sh ...
5th International Workshop on Modeling the Ocean
... in particular, the form stress term (representing the residual effect of pressure perturbations). The present study shows that the traditional pressure-based form stress term can be transformed into a set of terms that do not contain any pressure quantities but do contain the time derivative of a wa ...
... in particular, the form stress term (representing the residual effect of pressure perturbations). The present study shows that the traditional pressure-based form stress term can be transformed into a set of terms that do not contain any pressure quantities but do contain the time derivative of a wa ...
1 Supporting Information for the Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen Mass
... (phytoplankton). At different times of the growth cycle in coastal marine waters, nitrate and/or ammonium are needed to support the growth of microalgae during photosysthesis (Herbert, 1999). Thus, these inorganic forms of nitrogen are converted into organic matter of the living organism and upon mo ...
... (phytoplankton). At different times of the growth cycle in coastal marine waters, nitrate and/or ammonium are needed to support the growth of microalgae during photosysthesis (Herbert, 1999). Thus, these inorganic forms of nitrogen are converted into organic matter of the living organism and upon mo ...
ocean acidification resulting from
... limited with few active research groups, but the published understanding of mechanisms can be considered trustworthy. There have also been some important experiments exposing phytoplankton communities and different calcifiers to realistic future CO2 levels and demonstrating clear effects. In many ca ...
... limited with few active research groups, but the published understanding of mechanisms can be considered trustworthy. There have also been some important experiments exposing phytoplankton communities and different calcifiers to realistic future CO2 levels and demonstrating clear effects. In many ca ...
Minutes - WWF South Africa
... To delineate spatial surrogates for biodiversity processes, an understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of the major processes within the study area is required. These processes operate at a variety of scales, which should be recognized in MPA design. Like other small oceanic islands, n ...
... To delineate spatial surrogates for biodiversity processes, an understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of the major processes within the study area is required. These processes operate at a variety of scales, which should be recognized in MPA design. Like other small oceanic islands, n ...
Marine spatial planning: achieving and evaluating integration
... those on land. Agardy (2000) lists differences between marine and terrestrial systems as: nebulous vs. clear boundaries, large vs. small spatial scales, fine vs. coarse temporal scales, three- vs. twodimensional living space, unstructured vs. structured foodwebs, and non-linear vs. linear system dyn ...
... those on land. Agardy (2000) lists differences between marine and terrestrial systems as: nebulous vs. clear boundaries, large vs. small spatial scales, fine vs. coarse temporal scales, three- vs. twodimensional living space, unstructured vs. structured foodwebs, and non-linear vs. linear system dyn ...
Managing the Ocean Commons Beyond National Jurisdiction
... The term “global commons” refers to resource domains or areas that are situated outside of the political reach of any country. Under international law, there are four global commons: the high seas, the atmosphere, the Antarctica and the outer space. These have been guided by the principle of the com ...
... The term “global commons” refers to resource domains or areas that are situated outside of the political reach of any country. Under international law, there are four global commons: the high seas, the atmosphere, the Antarctica and the outer space. These have been guided by the principle of the com ...
Answers to STUDY BREAK Questions Essentials 5th Chapter 5
... margins, but are dominant on the deep ocean floor. Hydrogenous sediments are minerals that have precipitated directly from seawater. The sources of the dissolved minerals include submerged rock and sediment, leaching of the fresh crust at oceanic ridges, material issuing from hydrothermal vents, or ...
... margins, but are dominant on the deep ocean floor. Hydrogenous sediments are minerals that have precipitated directly from seawater. The sources of the dissolved minerals include submerged rock and sediment, leaching of the fresh crust at oceanic ridges, material issuing from hydrothermal vents, or ...
Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/North_Pacific_Subtropical_Convergence_Zone.jpg?width=300)
The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) is the largest contiguous ecosystem on earth. In oceanography, a subtropical gyre is a ring-like system of ocean currents rotating clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere caused by the Coriolis Effect. They generally form in large open ocean areas that lie between land masses.The NPSG is the largest of the gyres as well as the largest ecosystem on our planet. Like other subtropical gyres, it has a high-pressure zone in its center. Circulation around the center is clockwise around this high-pressure zone. Subtropical gyres make up 40% of the Earth’s surface and play critical roles in carbon fixation and nutrient cycling. This particular gyre covers most of the Pacific Ocean and comprises four prevailing ocean currents: the North Pacific Current to the north, the California Current to the east, the North Equatorial Current to the south, and the Kuroshio Current to the west. Its large size and distance from shore has caused the NPSG to be poorly sampled and thus poorly understood.The life processes in open-ocean ecosystems are a sink for the atmosphere’s increasing CO2. Gyres make up a large proportion, approximately 75%, of what we refer to as the open ocean, or the area of the ocean that does not consist of coastal areas. They are considered oligotrophic, or nutrient poor because they are far from terrestrial runoff. These regions were once thought to be homogenous and static habitats. However, there is increasing evidence that the NPSG exhibits substantial physical, chemical, and biological variability on a variety of time scales. Specifically, the NPSG exhibits seasonal and interannual variations in primary productivity (simply defined as the production of new plant material), which is important for the uptake of CO2.The NPSG is not only a sink for CO2 in the atmosphere, but also other pollutants. As a direct result of this circular pattern, gyres act like giant whirlpools and become traps for anthropogenic pollutants, such as marine debris. The NPSG has become recognized for the large quantity of plastic debris floating just below the surface in the center of the gyre. This area has recently received a lot of media attention and is commonly referred to as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.