Multiple shocks near Mars Eduard Dubinin , Konrad Sauer , Klaus Baumgärtel
... Mars presents us with an example of a magnetosheath in which the interaction of the solar wind with planetary plasma of heavy ions results in a generation of strong nonlinear bi-ion MHD waves. These waves provide oscillations in the momentum exchange between protons and heavy ions and may give rise ...
... Mars presents us with an example of a magnetosheath in which the interaction of the solar wind with planetary plasma of heavy ions results in a generation of strong nonlinear bi-ion MHD waves. These waves provide oscillations in the momentum exchange between protons and heavy ions and may give rise ...
Studies of ion solitary waves using simulations including hydrogen
... in the electrostatic potential in these simulations (see Plates 1e and 1f). At the beginning of a simulation run, the potential is flat, but electrostatic ion cyclotron wave perturbations in the potential begin to build up. These perturbations occur at both the hydrogen and oxygen cyclotron frequenc ...
... in the electrostatic potential in these simulations (see Plates 1e and 1f). At the beginning of a simulation run, the potential is flat, but electrostatic ion cyclotron wave perturbations in the potential begin to build up. These perturbations occur at both the hydrogen and oxygen cyclotron frequenc ...
Lecture Notes 05
... EM waves that propagate e.g. in the ẑ direction but which additionally have no explicit x- or y-dependence are known as plane waves, because for a given time, t the wave front(s) of the EM wave lie in a plane which is to the ẑ -axis, as shown in the figure below: x̂ ...
... EM waves that propagate e.g. in the ẑ direction but which additionally have no explicit x- or y-dependence are known as plane waves, because for a given time, t the wave front(s) of the EM wave lie in a plane which is to the ẑ -axis, as shown in the figure below: x̂ ...
Plane Wave Propagation in Lossless Media
... E0+ e − jkz is a wave propagating in the + z direction. E0− e + jkz is a wave propagating in the − z direction. For the wave moving in +z direction, in a time of 1 second, the wave moves in 1 unit of distance (for example, meter). Then the speed of propagation is (1 m/1 s = 1ms-1). A similar result ...
... E0+ e − jkz is a wave propagating in the + z direction. E0− e + jkz is a wave propagating in the − z direction. For the wave moving in +z direction, in a time of 1 second, the wave moves in 1 unit of distance (for example, meter). Then the speed of propagation is (1 m/1 s = 1ms-1). A similar result ...
Kursat Sendur 2009 Opex2
... analyze the interaction of a focused beam with a nanoparticle. Challener et al. [3] developed a finite difference time domain code to analyze the interaction of a linearly polarized focused beam with a spherical nanoparticle located in a high refractive index medium. More recently, detailed analytic ...
... analyze the interaction of a focused beam with a nanoparticle. Challener et al. [3] developed a finite difference time domain code to analyze the interaction of a linearly polarized focused beam with a spherical nanoparticle located in a high refractive index medium. More recently, detailed analytic ...
basic concepts - Max Planck Institut für Radioastronomie
... Plasma is a mixture of freely moving electric charges, its behaviour being determined by collective electromagnetic interactions. In the astronomical context, this means we are talking of electrons, protons and maybe positrons or heavy ions. The overwhelming majority of matter in the universe is ion ...
... Plasma is a mixture of freely moving electric charges, its behaviour being determined by collective electromagnetic interactions. In the astronomical context, this means we are talking of electrons, protons and maybe positrons or heavy ions. The overwhelming majority of matter in the universe is ion ...
Charge density waves in low-dimensional metals
... large as the periodicity of the basic structure. In general however, the fillling of the conduction band is not related to the lattice periodicity of the crystal, and k F can be any fraction of the basis vector of the reciprocal lattice. If the new lattice constant a′ is an integer multiple of the u ...
... large as the periodicity of the basic structure. In general however, the fillling of the conduction band is not related to the lattice periodicity of the crystal, and k F can be any fraction of the basis vector of the reciprocal lattice. If the new lattice constant a′ is an integer multiple of the u ...
Comment on half-integer quantum numbers for the total angular
... a linear momentum p, the orbital angular momentum is l = r × p. The trajectories of the photons in a Gauss beam are parallel to the beam axis, i.e.,p = (0, 0, p). This leads directly to lz = 0. To consider the photon trajectory in a helical beam we note that the trajectory may be conceived as the sa ...
... a linear momentum p, the orbital angular momentum is l = r × p. The trajectories of the photons in a Gauss beam are parallel to the beam axis, i.e.,p = (0, 0, p). This leads directly to lz = 0. To consider the photon trajectory in a helical beam we note that the trajectory may be conceived as the sa ...
Dynamic light scattering and application to proteins in solutions
... To interpret light scattering experiments, we begin with a discussion of light scattering theories. Classical light scattering theory was derived by Lord Rayleigh and is now called Rayleigh theory. Rayleigh developed theory for particles much smaller than the wavelength of light (tipically we take s ...
... To interpret light scattering experiments, we begin with a discussion of light scattering theories. Classical light scattering theory was derived by Lord Rayleigh and is now called Rayleigh theory. Rayleigh developed theory for particles much smaller than the wavelength of light (tipically we take s ...
Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the plasma near electron
... Raman excitation of the medium. The resulting so-called dark-state polaritons11 can have a small electromagnetic energy content and, therefore, very low group velocity. A number of promising applications of EIT based on the slow light have been suggested.12–14 For example, it has been suggested that ...
... Raman excitation of the medium. The resulting so-called dark-state polaritons11 can have a small electromagnetic energy content and, therefore, very low group velocity. A number of promising applications of EIT based on the slow light have been suggested.12–14 For example, it has been suggested that ...
Gain and Loss Factor for Conical Horns, and Impact of Ground
... uses where they are a basic and popular microwave antenna for many practical applications, such as feed elements for communication reflector dishes on satellite or point-to-point relay antennas. They are also widely utilized as gain standards for calibration and gain measurement of other antennas. T ...
... uses where they are a basic and popular microwave antenna for many practical applications, such as feed elements for communication reflector dishes on satellite or point-to-point relay antennas. They are also widely utilized as gain standards for calibration and gain measurement of other antennas. T ...
Laser and its applications
... emission and spontaneous emission involving the same pair of energy levels in an atom. The broad peak is the line shape of spontaneously emitted light between levels E2 and E1 before lasing being. The sharp peak is the line shape of laser light between levels E2 and E1 after lasing beings. ...
... emission and spontaneous emission involving the same pair of energy levels in an atom. The broad peak is the line shape of spontaneously emitted light between levels E2 and E1 before lasing being. The sharp peak is the line shape of laser light between levels E2 and E1 after lasing beings. ...
Surface Plasmons
... Dispersion equation and properties of surface plasmons We would like to have a solution which is localized to the surface, i.e. it decays with distance from on both sides from the interface. This is possible, if z ...
... Dispersion equation and properties of surface plasmons We would like to have a solution which is localized to the surface, i.e. it decays with distance from on both sides from the interface. This is possible, if z ...
Planar Circularly Symmetric EBG Structures for Reducing Surface
... obtain the magnetic currents imposing a continuity of the magnetic field integral equation (CMFIE) in a structure such as in Fig. 1(b), excited by a magnetic source, was described in [11], [12]. More recently, a dual approach to obtain the electric currents by imposing the vanishing of the total ele ...
... obtain the magnetic currents imposing a continuity of the magnetic field integral equation (CMFIE) in a structure such as in Fig. 1(b), excited by a magnetic source, was described in [11], [12]. More recently, a dual approach to obtain the electric currents by imposing the vanishing of the total ele ...
Nonlinear refraction and optical limiting in thick media
... experiment10 can be given as follows: Starting the scan from a distance far away from the focus (negative z), the beam irradiance is low and negligible nonlinear refraction occurs leading to linear transmittance. We normalize the linear transmittance to unity. As the sample is brought closer to the ...
... experiment10 can be given as follows: Starting the scan from a distance far away from the focus (negative z), the beam irradiance is low and negligible nonlinear refraction occurs leading to linear transmittance. We normalize the linear transmittance to unity. As the sample is brought closer to the ...
Lecture Notes in Physics Introduction to Plasma Physics Michael Gedalin
... In order to proceed further we should remember that, in addition to the density n, every gas has a temperature T , which is the measure of the random motion of the gas particles. Consider a gas of identical charged particles, each with the charge q. In order that this gas not disperser immediately w ...
... In order to proceed further we should remember that, in addition to the density n, every gas has a temperature T , which is the measure of the random motion of the gas particles. Consider a gas of identical charged particles, each with the charge q. In order that this gas not disperser immediately w ...
DD 2015 Abstract booklet
... The abstracts of 237 talks to be presented at oral and poster sessions during 5 days of the Conference form the contents of this booklet. The author index is located on the last pages. Full-length texts of selected talks will be published in the Conference Proceedings. They must be prepared in LATEX ...
... The abstracts of 237 talks to be presented at oral and poster sessions during 5 days of the Conference form the contents of this booklet. The author index is located on the last pages. Full-length texts of selected talks will be published in the Conference Proceedings. They must be prepared in LATEX ...
Pair production in counter-propagating laser beams
... In the first part of our work the interaction of electrons and positrons with strong waves in the form of high intensity laser beams is analyzed. The possibility of emission of energetic radiation which can result in prolific pair production in the focus of two short, counter-propagating ultrahigh i ...
... In the first part of our work the interaction of electrons and positrons with strong waves in the form of high intensity laser beams is analyzed. The possibility of emission of energetic radiation which can result in prolific pair production in the focus of two short, counter-propagating ultrahigh i ...
Diffraction
Diffraction refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit. In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is described as the interference of waves according to the Huygens–Fresnel principle. These characteristic behaviors are exhibited when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit that is comparable in size to its wavelength. Similar effects occur when a light wave travels through a medium with a varying refractive index, or when a sound wave travels through a medium with varying acoustic impedance. Diffraction occurs with all waves, including sound waves, water waves, and electromagnetic waves such as visible light, X-rays and radio waves.Since physical objects have wave-like properties (at the atomic level), diffraction also occurs with matter and can be studied according to the principles of quantum mechanics. Italian scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi coined the word ""diffraction"" and was the first to record accurate observations of the phenomenon in 1660.While diffraction occurs whenever propagating waves encounter such changes, its effects are generally most pronounced for waves whose wavelength is roughly comparable to the dimensions of the diffracting object or slit. If the obstructing object provides multiple, closely spaced openings, a complex pattern of varying intensity can result. This is due to the addition, or interference, of different parts of a wave that travels to the observer by different paths, where different path lengths result in different phases (see diffraction grating and wave superposition). The formalism of diffraction can also describe the way in which waves of finite extent propagate in free space. For example, the expanding profile of a laser beam, the beam shape of a radar antenna and the field of view of an ultrasonic transducer can all be analyzed using diffraction equations.