Derivation of Fresnel Equations
... The intensity of light reflected from the surface of a dielectric, as a function of the angle of incidence was first obtained by Fresnel in 1827. When an electromagnetic wave strikes the surface of a dielectric, both reflected and refracted waves are generally produced. The reflected wave has a dire ...
... The intensity of light reflected from the surface of a dielectric, as a function of the angle of incidence was first obtained by Fresnel in 1827. When an electromagnetic wave strikes the surface of a dielectric, both reflected and refracted waves are generally produced. The reflected wave has a dire ...
"Electrostatic Beams from a tailored plasma in a Penning-Malmberg Trap" Phys. Plasmas 17 , 123507 (2010) T. R. Weber, J. R. Danielson, and C. M. Surko (PDF)
... This impulse is radially dependent and will by referred to later as a “kick.” Experimental details of the fast extraction are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. It is accomplished using a high magnetic permeability shield 共made of sheets of Permalloy, r ⬃ 2 ⫻ 104兲 with a front cap that has a hole in the cente ...
... This impulse is radially dependent and will by referred to later as a “kick.” Experimental details of the fast extraction are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. It is accomplished using a high magnetic permeability shield 共made of sheets of Permalloy, r ⬃ 2 ⫻ 104兲 with a front cap that has a hole in the cente ...
9792/03 UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL
... where F is the gravitational force between two point masses M and m, separated by a distance r, and G is the gravitational constant. A planet of mass m moves around a sun of much larger mass M in a circular orbit of radius r. It takes a time T to complete an orbit. Show that Newton’s law of gravitat ...
... where F is the gravitational force between two point masses M and m, separated by a distance r, and G is the gravitational constant. A planet of mass m moves around a sun of much larger mass M in a circular orbit of radius r. It takes a time T to complete an orbit. Show that Newton’s law of gravitat ...
Physics 131 Laboratory Manual
... “Bodies which are unsupported above a horizontal surface will fall along the line between the initial position of the body and the centre of the Earth. Heavy bodies fall very rapidly and their velocities while falling are difficult to measure. However, the nature of the fall may be determined by obs ...
... “Bodies which are unsupported above a horizontal surface will fall along the line between the initial position of the body and the centre of the Earth. Heavy bodies fall very rapidly and their velocities while falling are difficult to measure. However, the nature of the fall may be determined by obs ...
Partially coherent beam shaping and imaging
... order to make numerical calculations feasible, so-called modal approaches [46–51] are used extensively, especially to describe partial spatial coherence. Such modal approaches, in which the partially coherent field is represented as a superposition of fully coherent fields, lead to the evaluation of ...
... order to make numerical calculations feasible, so-called modal approaches [46–51] are used extensively, especially to describe partial spatial coherence. Such modal approaches, in which the partially coherent field is represented as a superposition of fully coherent fields, lead to the evaluation of ...
Chapter 29: Maxwell`s Equation and EM Waves
... • Transverse waves (E and B perpendicular to direction of propagation) • E and B perpendicular to each other. • E = cB; E and B oscillate in phase • Propagation speed is the speed of light in a vacuum • independent of wavelength: ...
... • Transverse waves (E and B perpendicular to direction of propagation) • E and B perpendicular to each other. • E = cB; E and B oscillate in phase • Propagation speed is the speed of light in a vacuum • independent of wavelength: ...
Factors Affecting Surface Wave Propagation Janice
... these are most likely to be useful. Once the theory overview was complete, potential system benefits and applications were reviewed, showing the broad nature of applications and potential exploitation routes of a surface wave based technology. Such a technology also assists with the tactical beyond ...
... these are most likely to be useful. Once the theory overview was complete, potential system benefits and applications were reviewed, showing the broad nature of applications and potential exploitation routes of a surface wave based technology. Such a technology also assists with the tactical beyond ...
X-Ray Scattering by a Free Electron
... however, the coefficient of the imaginary part is intrinsically positive fe!! > 0 . Thus, it is as if the damped resonant scattering phenomenon that occurs if ! " ! 0 corresponds to, in effect, an elastic X-ray absorption and re-emission that translate to, in effect, a time lag that produces a phase ...
... however, the coefficient of the imaginary part is intrinsically positive fe!! > 0 . Thus, it is as if the damped resonant scattering phenomenon that occurs if ! " ! 0 corresponds to, in effect, an elastic X-ray absorption and re-emission that translate to, in effect, a time lag that produces a phase ...
Surface Electromagnetic Waves Thermally Excited: Radiative Heat
... emitted fields. Their intensity is many orders of magnitude larger in the near field than in the far field [7]. In addition, they are quasi monochromatic in the vicinity of the surface. This entails that their coherence properties are extremely different from those of the blackbody radiation [8]. Th ...
... emitted fields. Their intensity is many orders of magnitude larger in the near field than in the far field [7]. In addition, they are quasi monochromatic in the vicinity of the surface. This entails that their coherence properties are extremely different from those of the blackbody radiation [8]. Th ...
Illustrated Guide to PHYSICS
... diagrams, graphs, charts, and maps on every page illustrate the essential elements of the subject, while parallel text provides key definitions and step-by-step explanations. Forces and energy provides an overview of the fundamental forces and the basic forms of energy. This section discusses Newton ...
... diagrams, graphs, charts, and maps on every page illustrate the essential elements of the subject, while parallel text provides key definitions and step-by-step explanations. Forces and energy provides an overview of the fundamental forces and the basic forms of energy. This section discusses Newton ...
Fused Silica Transmission Gratings
... Grating types Gratings can be classified in a multitude of different ways. The main classifications for freespace gratings, together with relevant characteristics and examples are given below. It is important to note that for all grating types, the grating equation alone determines the geometric dif ...
... Grating types Gratings can be classified in a multitude of different ways. The main classifications for freespace gratings, together with relevant characteristics and examples are given below. It is important to note that for all grating types, the grating equation alone determines the geometric dif ...
Near Surface Geophysics Glossary
... A technique for determining the distribution of physical properties of the zone between two bore holes by making an extensive series of measurement with the source(s) in one hole and the receiver(s) in the other; this applies to many techniques such as resistivity, seismic, radar, etc. An adjective ...
... A technique for determining the distribution of physical properties of the zone between two bore holes by making an extensive series of measurement with the source(s) in one hole and the receiver(s) in the other; this applies to many techniques such as resistivity, seismic, radar, etc. An adjective ...
OPTICAL PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH BRAZIL
... Right-handed and left-handed quartz rotate the plane of polarization in clockwise and anticlockwise directions respectively, as seen by an observer whose eye the light is entering. When light is transmitted through a nonbasal section oblique to the optic axis, again only two waves can propagate with ...
... Right-handed and left-handed quartz rotate the plane of polarization in clockwise and anticlockwise directions respectively, as seen by an observer whose eye the light is entering. When light is transmitted through a nonbasal section oblique to the optic axis, again only two waves can propagate with ...
GRAVITATIONAL WAVE PHYSICS
... evidence that the orbital energy in the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar is drained away at a rate consistent with the prediction of general relativity. The gravitational wave is a signal, the shape of which depends upon the changes in the gravitational field of its source. As it has been mentioned earlie ...
... evidence that the orbital energy in the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar is drained away at a rate consistent with the prediction of general relativity. The gravitational wave is a signal, the shape of which depends upon the changes in the gravitational field of its source. As it has been mentioned earlie ...
Total Internal Reflection and the Related Effects
... plane of incidence and in this plane. The shortcoming of the Artmann formulae is that it is justified only for the angles of incidence close to the limiting one (therefore in (4.2) and (4.3) also sin Θ ≈ n is used). Fragstein [8] supposed that the amplitude in the incident beam decreases monotonical ...
... plane of incidence and in this plane. The shortcoming of the Artmann formulae is that it is justified only for the angles of incidence close to the limiting one (therefore in (4.2) and (4.3) also sin Θ ≈ n is used). Fragstein [8] supposed that the amplitude in the incident beam decreases monotonical ...
Photodetachment of H from intense, short, high-frequency pulses
... are propagated on a radial-angular momentum grid using the Crank-Nicolson and split-operator schemes. We used a square-root radial grid, whose mesh points are denser close to the origin, to take account of the rapid oscillation of the wave functions near the core. The kinetic energy operator in H0 i ...
... are propagated on a radial-angular momentum grid using the Crank-Nicolson and split-operator schemes. We used a square-root radial grid, whose mesh points are denser close to the origin, to take account of the rapid oscillation of the wave functions near the core. The kinetic energy operator in H0 i ...
µ = / F c
... We see that if c2 < c1 , R is negative; that is, there is a phase change at reflection. If c2 = c1 (i.e. if there is only one sort of rope) there is no reflection (because there is no boundary!). In the above analysis, we considered a simple sine wave. However, any function, even a nonperiodic funct ...
... We see that if c2 < c1 , R is negative; that is, there is a phase change at reflection. If c2 = c1 (i.e. if there is only one sort of rope) there is no reflection (because there is no boundary!). In the above analysis, we considered a simple sine wave. However, any function, even a nonperiodic funct ...
Diffraction
Diffraction refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit. In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is described as the interference of waves according to the Huygens–Fresnel principle. These characteristic behaviors are exhibited when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit that is comparable in size to its wavelength. Similar effects occur when a light wave travels through a medium with a varying refractive index, or when a sound wave travels through a medium with varying acoustic impedance. Diffraction occurs with all waves, including sound waves, water waves, and electromagnetic waves such as visible light, X-rays and radio waves.Since physical objects have wave-like properties (at the atomic level), diffraction also occurs with matter and can be studied according to the principles of quantum mechanics. Italian scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi coined the word ""diffraction"" and was the first to record accurate observations of the phenomenon in 1660.While diffraction occurs whenever propagating waves encounter such changes, its effects are generally most pronounced for waves whose wavelength is roughly comparable to the dimensions of the diffracting object or slit. If the obstructing object provides multiple, closely spaced openings, a complex pattern of varying intensity can result. This is due to the addition, or interference, of different parts of a wave that travels to the observer by different paths, where different path lengths result in different phases (see diffraction grating and wave superposition). The formalism of diffraction can also describe the way in which waves of finite extent propagate in free space. For example, the expanding profile of a laser beam, the beam shape of a radar antenna and the field of view of an ultrasonic transducer can all be analyzed using diffraction equations.