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- Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology

... in reducing such complications, morbidity remains high.5,6 Novel therapies such as teduglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 2 analogue, may restore intestinal structural and functional integrity by promoting repair and growth of the mucosa. Multiple randomized placebo-controlled trials among SBS patient ...
Repairing the Damaged Spinal Cord
Repairing the Damaged Spinal Cord

... would be destroyed by the human immune system, but workers are developing a humanized version for testing in people. Many other inhibitory molecules have now been found as well, including some produced by astrocytes and a number that reside in the extracellular matrix (the scaffolding between cells) ...
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Chapter 40 Animal Form and Function: Organ Systems, Tissues and
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Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization
Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization

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0718 - a novel temperature-sensitive immortalized human adult

... osteoarthritis. While development of therapies for osteoarthritis primarily have addressed prevention of cartilage matrix degradation, recent work has focused on strategies for promoting cartilage repair. The validation of autologous chondrocyte transplantation for the repair of advanced cartilage l ...
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Nerve guidance conduit

A nerve guidance conduit (also referred to as an artificial nerve conduit or artificial nerve graft, as opposed to an autograft) is an artificial means of guiding axonal regrowth to facilitate nerve regeneration and is one of several clinical treatments for nerve injuries. When direct suturing of the two stumps of a severed nerve cannot be accomplished without tension, the standard clinical treatment for peripheral nerve injuries is autologous nerve grafting. Due to the limited availability of donor tissue and functional recovery in autologous nerve grafting, neural tissue engineering research has focused on the development of bioartificial nerve guidance conduits as an alternative treatment, especially for large defects. Similar techniques are also being explored for nerve repair in the spinal cord but nerve regeneration in the central nervous system poses a greater challenge because its axons do not regenerate appreciably in their native environment.The creation of artificial conduits is also known as entubulation because the nerve ends and intervening gap are enclosed within a tube composed of biological or synthetic materials. Whether the conduit is in the form of a biologic tube, synthetic tube or tissue-engineered conduit, it should facilitate neurotropic and neurotrophic communication between the proximal and distal ends of the nerve gap, block external inhibitory factors, and provide a physical guidance for axonal regrowth. The most basic objective of a nerve guidance conduit is to combine physical, chemical, and biological cues under conditions that will foster tissue formation.Materials that have been used to make biologic tubes include blood vessels and skeletal muscles, while nonabsorbable and bioabsorbable synthetic tubes have been made from silicone and polyglycolide respectively. Tissue-engineered nerve guidance conduits are a combination of many elements: scaffold structure, scaffold material, cellular therapies, neurotrophic factors and biomimetic materials. The choice of which physical, chemical and biological cues to use is based on the properties of the nerve environment, which is critical in creating the most desirable environment for axon regeneration. The factors that control material selection include biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical integrity, controllability during nerve growth, implantation and sterilization.
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