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State Machines
State Machines

... more sophisticated than that of an oscilloscope. Like the oscilloscope, the DLA is continuously sampling data at some specified rate. When the trigger signal is identified, that time is placed at the center of the trace and the outputs before and after the trigger time are displayed on the screen. T ...
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417_1.PDF

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FEATURES APPLICATIONS DESCRIPTION FUNCTIONAL BLOCK

... 8. CM H is the maximum common mode voltage slew rate that can be sustained while maintaining VO > 0.8VDD2. CM L is the maximum common mode voltage slew rate than can be sustained while maintaining VO < 0.8V. The common mode voltage slew rates apply to both rising and falling common mode voltage edge ...
op-amp 0m9hz,CA741,CA1458,CA1558E.pdf
op-amp 0m9hz,CA741,CA1458,CA1558E.pdf

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... Switching the DMM to its AC VOLTS mode brings the circuit of Figure 2 into function. This circuit operates as an averaging filter to generate a DC output proportional to the value of the rectified AC input; this value, in turn, is "tapped down'' by R5 to a level equivalent to the input's rms value, ...
B Fax: 781.461.3113 Tel: 781.329.4700
B Fax: 781.461.3113 Tel: 781.329.4700

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... much less than 1 Hz at 1 kHz. Although not impossible, this would be much harder to make. Secondly, the output time constant does not mind if the chopping frequency should alter slightly for any reason. The speed of the chopper might slowly drift as its motor warms up. If we used a narrow bandpass f ...
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... voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with t wo terminals is electrically equivalent to a single voltage source Vth and a single series resistor Rth. this equivalent voltage Vth is voltage obtained at the terminals A-B of the net work with terminal A-B open circuits this equivalent resista ...
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... drive the preamp harder (into distortion). The tone of the signal is also changed to provide a smoother overdrive. The tone controls may have to be readjusted to obtain the overall desired tone. The Gain control (4) and Pad (3) interact with the Drive control. For greater overdrive, the attenuator s ...
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... 2. If we take the FT of this in  space we get, after a fiddle with variable substitution,  A( ) exp( i 2s )d  F ( s) F * ( s) , provided we assume f (t ) is a real function (which of course it will be in our case). But this is exactly the desired power spectrum since P( s)  F ( s) F * ( s) . ...
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... (momentarily) leave the saturation region and enter the dreaded triode mode! Now let’s consider problem 2 For the MOSFET to remain in saturation, the drain current must be greater than zero (i.e., iD > 0 ). Otherwise, the MOSFET will enter cutoff mode. Applying Ohm’s Law to the drain resistor, we fi ...
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... output of the op amp and the input of the ADS831 will be beneficial in almost all interface configurations. This will de-couple the op amp’s output from the capacitive load and avoid gain peaking, which can result in increased noise. For best spurious and distortion performance, the resistor value s ...
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... The signal may saturate anywhere before the filter. For example, if the resonant frequency of the sensor is low, the displacement per unit acceleration is high. The sensor may reach the mechanical limit of travel if the applied acceleration is high enough. This can be remedied by locating the accele ...
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Analog-to-digital converter



An analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A to D) is a device that converts a continuous physical quantity (usually voltage) to a digital number that represents the quantity's amplitude.The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily introduces a small amount of error. Furthermore, instead of continuously performing the conversion, an ADC does the conversion periodically, sampling the input. The result is a sequence of digital values that have been converted from a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and discrete-amplitude digital signal.An ADC is defined by its bandwidth (the range of frequencies it can measure) and its signal to noise ratio (how accurately it can measure a signal relative to the noise it introduces). The actual bandwidth of an ADC is characterized primarily by its sampling rate, and to a lesser extent by how it handles errors such as aliasing. The dynamic range of an ADC is influenced by many factors, including the resolution (the number of output levels it can quantize a signal to), linearity and accuracy (how well the quantization levels match the true analog signal) and jitter (small timing errors that introduce additional noise). The dynamic range of an ADC is often summarized in terms of its effective number of bits (ENOB), the number of bits of each measure it returns that are on average not noise. An ideal ADC has an ENOB equal to its resolution. ADCs are chosen to match the bandwidth and required signal to noise ratio of the signal to be quantized. If an ADC operates at a sampling rate greater than twice the bandwidth of the signal, then perfect reconstruction is possible given an ideal ADC and neglecting quantization error. The presence of quantization error limits the dynamic range of even an ideal ADC, however, if the dynamic range of the ADC exceeds that of the input signal, its effects may be neglected resulting in an essentially perfect digital representation of the input signal.An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement such as an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current. However, some non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs. The digital output may use different coding schemes. Typically the digital output will be a two's complement binary number that is proportional to the input, but there are other possibilities. An encoder, for example, might output a Gray code.The inverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
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