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SUB-CUB 1/2 - COMPLETE 6-DIGIT COMPONENT COUNTERS
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... There are a number of physical phenomena that generate spurious currents that degrade the accuracy of low current measurements. Figure 3 is a schematic of an I-to-V converter with these parasitic currents modeled. Finite resistance from input lines to voltages on the board, modeled by resistor RP, r ...
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... Figure 32. A One-Pole Low-Pass Filter Circuit Which Operates from a Single +10 V Supply CURRENT SENSOR INTERFACE ...
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... general purpose operational 5V CMOS amplifier applications. The amplifiers will drive substantial resistive or capacitive loads and are unity gain stable under normal conditions. Resistive loads in the low kohm range can be handled without gain derating and capacitive loads of several nF can be tole ...
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... Positive and Negative Connections for Charge Pump Capacitor. External Capacitor C1 is connected between these pins; a 0.1 μF capacitor is recommended, but larger capacitors up to 10 μF can be used. Receiver Output. This pin outputs CMOS output logic levels. Transmitter (Driver) Input. This input acc ...
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... ground for stability at output voltages of 5V or more. At lower output voltages, more capacitance is required. Without this capacitor the part will oscillate. Most types of tantalum or aluminum electrolytic works fine here; even film types work but are not recommended for reasons of cost. Many alumi ...
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... to the hardware trigger inputs of ADCs and/or generates the interval triggers to DACs; so that the precise timing between ADC conversion and/or DAC updates can be achieved. It can also provide pulse outputs that are used as the sample window to the comparator, or CMP, module. The PDB uses either an ...
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... the fundamental frequency. It is expressed in % of the fundamental frequency amplitude at sampling rate fS. ...


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...  Example: if a modulating signal contains three frequencies(fm1, fm2, fm3), the modulated signal will contain the carrier and three sets of side frequencies, spaced symmetrically about the carrier: ...
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Analog-to-digital converter



An analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A to D) is a device that converts a continuous physical quantity (usually voltage) to a digital number that represents the quantity's amplitude.The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily introduces a small amount of error. Furthermore, instead of continuously performing the conversion, an ADC does the conversion periodically, sampling the input. The result is a sequence of digital values that have been converted from a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and discrete-amplitude digital signal.An ADC is defined by its bandwidth (the range of frequencies it can measure) and its signal to noise ratio (how accurately it can measure a signal relative to the noise it introduces). The actual bandwidth of an ADC is characterized primarily by its sampling rate, and to a lesser extent by how it handles errors such as aliasing. The dynamic range of an ADC is influenced by many factors, including the resolution (the number of output levels it can quantize a signal to), linearity and accuracy (how well the quantization levels match the true analog signal) and jitter (small timing errors that introduce additional noise). The dynamic range of an ADC is often summarized in terms of its effective number of bits (ENOB), the number of bits of each measure it returns that are on average not noise. An ideal ADC has an ENOB equal to its resolution. ADCs are chosen to match the bandwidth and required signal to noise ratio of the signal to be quantized. If an ADC operates at a sampling rate greater than twice the bandwidth of the signal, then perfect reconstruction is possible given an ideal ADC and neglecting quantization error. The presence of quantization error limits the dynamic range of even an ideal ADC, however, if the dynamic range of the ADC exceeds that of the input signal, its effects may be neglected resulting in an essentially perfect digital representation of the input signal.An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement such as an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current. However, some non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs. The digital output may use different coding schemes. Typically the digital output will be a two's complement binary number that is proportional to the input, but there are other possibilities. An encoder, for example, might output a Gray code.The inverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
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