The Endocrine Pancreas
... The pancreas houses two distinctly different tissues. The bulk of its mass is exocrine tissue and associated ducts, which produce an alkaline fluid loaded with digestive enzymes which is delivered to the small intestine to facilitate digestion of foodstuffs. Scattered throughout the exocrine tissue ...
... The pancreas houses two distinctly different tissues. The bulk of its mass is exocrine tissue and associated ducts, which produce an alkaline fluid loaded with digestive enzymes which is delivered to the small intestine to facilitate digestion of foodstuffs. Scattered throughout the exocrine tissue ...
Glucose Metabolism and Regulation: Beyond Insulin and Glucagon
... opposing the effects of insulin.38 Glucagon plays a major role in sustaining plasma glucose during fasting conditions by stimulating hepatic glucose production. Unger was the first to describe the diabetic state as a “bi-hormonal” disease characterized by insulin deficiency and glucagon excess. He f ...
... opposing the effects of insulin.38 Glucagon plays a major role in sustaining plasma glucose during fasting conditions by stimulating hepatic glucose production. Unger was the first to describe the diabetic state as a “bi-hormonal” disease characterized by insulin deficiency and glucagon excess. He f ...
Layma, D.K. Increased Dietary Protein Modifies Glucose and Insulin
... two diets remained constant. For example, leucine accounted for 7.85% of the protein consumed by the Protein Group and 7.86% for the CHO Group. The Protein Group consumed 9.9 g/d of leucine and 22.3 g/d of BCAA and the CHO Group consumed 5.4 g/d of leucine and 12.3 g/d of BCAA. Both diets were desig ...
... two diets remained constant. For example, leucine accounted for 7.85% of the protein consumed by the Protein Group and 7.86% for the CHO Group. The Protein Group consumed 9.9 g/d of leucine and 22.3 g/d of BCAA and the CHO Group consumed 5.4 g/d of leucine and 12.3 g/d of BCAA. Both diets were desig ...
1- What are trophic hormones? Hormones secreted by the anterior
... Binding of GH to its receptor causes dimerization and phosphorylation of the receptor with activation of JAK2 tyrosine kinase and other signaling pathways. GH secretion is low in infancy. increases during early childhood. reaches peak levels at puberty. decreases after the third decade ...
... Binding of GH to its receptor causes dimerization and phosphorylation of the receptor with activation of JAK2 tyrosine kinase and other signaling pathways. GH secretion is low in infancy. increases during early childhood. reaches peak levels at puberty. decreases after the third decade ...
ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
... cowrie fruit in English. The plant is in the form of shrub distributed in South India. C. esculenta has been a remedy which is popular for diabetes mellitus (24-26). It has been reported that plant contains hypoglycemic effect (27). C. esculenta root extract contain hypoglycemic factors, which reduc ...
... cowrie fruit in English. The plant is in the form of shrub distributed in South India. C. esculenta has been a remedy which is popular for diabetes mellitus (24-26). It has been reported that plant contains hypoglycemic effect (27). C. esculenta root extract contain hypoglycemic factors, which reduc ...
Assessment and monitoring of glycemic control in children and
... to evaluate frequency of hypoglycemia and develop strategies to decrease its occurrence, especially during and following exercise. Information gained in these studies has provided information that allows improved recommendations for insulin management for all individuals with diabetes (61–64) includ ...
... to evaluate frequency of hypoglycemia and develop strategies to decrease its occurrence, especially during and following exercise. Information gained in these studies has provided information that allows improved recommendations for insulin management for all individuals with diabetes (61–64) includ ...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
... 3- Most of the available laboratory urine tests (nitroprusside test) detect only acetoacetate & acetone but not beta–HB. 4- Beta-HB is the predominant ketones in severe untreated DKA cannot be measured or recognized by the standard nitroprussid test . ...
... 3- Most of the available laboratory urine tests (nitroprusside test) detect only acetoacetate & acetone but not beta–HB. 4- Beta-HB is the predominant ketones in severe untreated DKA cannot be measured or recognized by the standard nitroprussid test . ...
corticosteroids - LaGuardia ePortfolio
... -Short-acting insulin has an onset of action in 30 minutes to 1 hour. The peak of action occurs in 2-4 hours, and the duration of action is 6-8 hours. -Intermediate-acting insulins such as neutral-protamine-Hagedorn (NPH) and Humulin N, which contain a protein that prolongs the action of the insulin ...
... -Short-acting insulin has an onset of action in 30 minutes to 1 hour. The peak of action occurs in 2-4 hours, and the duration of action is 6-8 hours. -Intermediate-acting insulins such as neutral-protamine-Hagedorn (NPH) and Humulin N, which contain a protein that prolongs the action of the insulin ...
Endo Study Guide
... o ↓ glucose uptake into cells o ↑ glycogen synthesis ↑ BP o Potentiate vasopressors o Can bind to mineralocorticoid receptor @ high doses ↓ immune system o ↓ response to inflammatory cytokines and prostglandins Diurnal serum levels Highest just before waking Drops throughout the day, raise ...
... o ↓ glucose uptake into cells o ↑ glycogen synthesis ↑ BP o Potentiate vasopressors o Can bind to mineralocorticoid receptor @ high doses ↓ immune system o ↓ response to inflammatory cytokines and prostglandins Diurnal serum levels Highest just before waking Drops throughout the day, raise ...
stoker-C24
... (1) Lactate accumulation is the cause of muscle pain and cramping during prolonged, strenuous exercise. (2) Lactate production during exercise lowers blood pH, which triggers faster breathing. (3) The effects of both type I and type II diabetes are the same - inadequate glucose uptake by cells. A) A ...
... (1) Lactate accumulation is the cause of muscle pain and cramping during prolonged, strenuous exercise. (2) Lactate production during exercise lowers blood pH, which triggers faster breathing. (3) The effects of both type I and type II diabetes are the same - inadequate glucose uptake by cells. A) A ...
Toward a Systems Biology of Insulin Secretion and Type 2 Diabetes
... activity in muscle and adipose tissue in young IL-6 –null mice and a diminished enzyme response to exercise in these tissues. These animals later develop manifestations of the metabolic syndrome with obesity, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose tolerance. Key questions are whether these effects of IL ...
... activity in muscle and adipose tissue in young IL-6 –null mice and a diminished enzyme response to exercise in these tissues. These animals later develop manifestations of the metabolic syndrome with obesity, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose tolerance. Key questions are whether these effects of IL ...
Cortisol, Insulin and Your Health
... High glycemic index foods most often are refined foods, foods that are over processed and have very little nutritional value in them. They are empty calories which do not supply your adrenal glands with the nutrition they need to keep doing their job. Cortisol is secreted by your adrenals in respons ...
... High glycemic index foods most often are refined foods, foods that are over processed and have very little nutritional value in them. They are empty calories which do not supply your adrenal glands with the nutrition they need to keep doing their job. Cortisol is secreted by your adrenals in respons ...
Guidelines for the Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Pregnancy
... problem, it is often appropriate for them to take their insulin after they have eaten if taking a rapid acting analogue with meals. After 12 weeks and before 20 weeks insulin requirements may drop and recurrent hypoglycaemia can become a problem. Women should be advised to cut back on their insulin. ...
... problem, it is often appropriate for them to take their insulin after they have eaten if taking a rapid acting analogue with meals. After 12 weeks and before 20 weeks insulin requirements may drop and recurrent hypoglycaemia can become a problem. Women should be advised to cut back on their insulin. ...
IGF-I increases forearm blood flow without increasing forearm
... increased glucose uptake in response to insulin infusions that result in physiological levels of hyperinsulinemia has consistently been demonstrated without any increase in muscle blood flow (6, 7, 11, 29, 31, 47). Under more physiological conditions, i.e., ingestion of a mixed meal, leg blood flow ...
... increased glucose uptake in response to insulin infusions that result in physiological levels of hyperinsulinemia has consistently been demonstrated without any increase in muscle blood flow (6, 7, 11, 29, 31, 47). Under more physiological conditions, i.e., ingestion of a mixed meal, leg blood flow ...
Endocrine Drugs - My Illinois State
... Several pathogenic processes are involved in the development of DM. These range from autoimmune destruction of the beta-cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin-deficiency to abnormalities that result in resistance to insulin action. The basis of the abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and pr ...
... Several pathogenic processes are involved in the development of DM. These range from autoimmune destruction of the beta-cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin-deficiency to abnormalities that result in resistance to insulin action. The basis of the abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and pr ...
Glucose Metabolism Rather Than Insulin Is a Main Determinant of
... During the clamps, serum leptin concentrations increased from 0 –360 min by 20.5 ⫾ 4.1% in the low-insulin-hypo, 33.6 ⫾ 7.6% in the high-insulin-hypo, 39.6 ⫾ 6.0% in the low-insulin-eu, and 60.4 ⫾ 7.6% in the high-insulin-eu condition. Thus, the changes in serum leptin were distinctly greater in hig ...
... During the clamps, serum leptin concentrations increased from 0 –360 min by 20.5 ⫾ 4.1% in the low-insulin-hypo, 33.6 ⫾ 7.6% in the high-insulin-hypo, 39.6 ⫾ 6.0% in the low-insulin-eu, and 60.4 ⫾ 7.6% in the high-insulin-eu condition. Thus, the changes in serum leptin were distinctly greater in hig ...
care of the clients
... The endocrine glands: these include the hypothalamus, the anterior and posterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, adrenal cortex/medulla, the gonads (ovary and testes) and the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The hormones released by the glands can be classified as amines, polypeptides ...
... The endocrine glands: these include the hypothalamus, the anterior and posterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, adrenal cortex/medulla, the gonads (ovary and testes) and the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The hormones released by the glands can be classified as amines, polypeptides ...
Oral Hypoglycemic Update - Lafayette Medical Education Foundation
... preservation of β-cell function)? • Which blood glucose level is not at target (fasting, postprandial, or both)? • Patient preference for route of administration (oral, injection)? • The degree of A1c lowering effect required to achieve goal? • Side effect profile and the patients tolerability? ...
... preservation of β-cell function)? • Which blood glucose level is not at target (fasting, postprandial, or both)? • Patient preference for route of administration (oral, injection)? • The degree of A1c lowering effect required to achieve goal? • Side effect profile and the patients tolerability? ...
Change of Alpha-Amylase Activity in Saliva in Response to Blood
... amylase. Current results suggest that transient high blood glucose, even within the normal response after a meal, can also reduce salivary amylase irrespective of intact insulin action and that such plausible tight mechanism may be applicable to not only pancreatic but also salivary amylase. In this ...
... amylase. Current results suggest that transient high blood glucose, even within the normal response after a meal, can also reduce salivary amylase irrespective of intact insulin action and that such plausible tight mechanism may be applicable to not only pancreatic but also salivary amylase. In this ...
Chapter 37 - BristolPlymouth21stCenturyHealth
... Familiarize self with needle size, pens, dials, pumps Hypoglycemic reactions can occur anytime, but most common during insulin peak time Proper storage-room temperature if used within one month, refrigerate up to 3 months Prefilled syringes are stable for one week Insulin needs change if stressed or ...
... Familiarize self with needle size, pens, dials, pumps Hypoglycemic reactions can occur anytime, but most common during insulin peak time Proper storage-room temperature if used within one month, refrigerate up to 3 months Prefilled syringes are stable for one week Insulin needs change if stressed or ...
Diabetes Mellitus
... • Results from excessive adrenocortical activity • May be related to excessive use of corticosteroid medications or due to hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex • Oversecretion of corticosteroids can also be caused by pituitary tumor • Can be caused by bronchogenic carcinoma or ...
... • Results from excessive adrenocortical activity • May be related to excessive use of corticosteroid medications or due to hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex • Oversecretion of corticosteroids can also be caused by pituitary tumor • Can be caused by bronchogenic carcinoma or ...
Endocrinology
... b) Detemir (Levemir) and Aspart insulin (Novolog) c) Metformin d) Analog insulin administered via an insulin pump ...
... b) Detemir (Levemir) and Aspart insulin (Novolog) c) Metformin d) Analog insulin administered via an insulin pump ...
Endocrine System - Nursing Education Consultants
... more frequently; thyroid preparations may alter effects of hypoglycemic agents. Continue to reinforce teaching information as client begins to make progress; early in the disease, the client may not comprehend importance of information. ...
... more frequently; thyroid preparations may alter effects of hypoglycemic agents. Continue to reinforce teaching information as client begins to make progress; early in the disease, the client may not comprehend importance of information. ...
NCLEX-PN_Chapter_08_.. - Nursing Education Consultants
... 2. Type 2: combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion to compensate (Figure 8-3). a. Insulin deficiency caused by defects in insulin production or by excessive demands for insulin; client is not dependent on insulin. b. Onset is predominately in adulthood, generally after the ...
... 2. Type 2: combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion to compensate (Figure 8-3). a. Insulin deficiency caused by defects in insulin production or by excessive demands for insulin; client is not dependent on insulin. b. Onset is predominately in adulthood, generally after the ...
Association of elevated insulin-like growth factor binding
... concentration or indirectly by altering the concentrations of other hormones such as insulin or glucagon. IGFBP-1 is usually highly phosphorylated in human nonpregnant serum (Westwood et al., 1995) which increases its affinity for IGF-I and augments its inhibitory action on IGF-I function (Coverley ...
... concentration or indirectly by altering the concentrations of other hormones such as insulin or glucagon. IGFBP-1 is usually highly phosphorylated in human nonpregnant serum (Westwood et al., 1995) which increases its affinity for IGF-I and augments its inhibitory action on IGF-I function (Coverley ...
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar or low blood glucose, is when blood sugar decreases to below normal. This may result in a variety of symptoms including clumsiness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness and seizures, or in death. A feeling of hunger, sweating, shakiness, and weakness may also be present. Symptoms typically come on quickly.The most common cause of hypoglycemia is medications used to treat diabetes mellitus such as insulin, sulfonylureas, and biguanides. Risk is greater in diabetics who have eaten less than usual, exercised more than usual, or drunk alcohol. Other causes of hypoglycemia include kidney failure, certain tumors, liver disease, hypothyroidism, starvation, inborn error of metabolism, severe infections, reactive hypoglycemia, and a number of drugs including alcohol. Low blood sugar may occur in babies who are otherwise healthy who have not eaten for a few hours.The glucose level that defines hypoglycemia is variable. In people with diabetes levels below 3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) is diagnostic. In adults without diabetes, symptoms related to low blood sugar, low blood sugar at the time of symptoms, and improvement when blood sugar is restored to normal confirm the diagnosis. Otherwise a level below 2.8 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) after not eating or following exercise may be used. In newborns a level below 2.2 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) or less than 3.3 mmol/L (60 mg/dL) if symptoms are present indicates hypoglycemia. Other tests that may be useful in determining the cause include insulin and C peptide levels in the blood. Hyperglycemia, a high blood sugar, is the opposite condition.Among people with diabetes, prevention is by matching the foods eaten, with the amount of exercise, and the medications used. When people feel their blood sugar is low testing with a glucose monitor is recommended. Some people have few initial symptoms of low blood sugar and frequent routine testing in this group is recommended. Treatment of hypoglycemia is by eating foods high in simple sugars or taking dextrose. If a person is not able to take food by mouth, an injection of glucagon may help. The treatment of hypoglycemia unrelated to diabetes include treating the underlying problem as well and a healthy diet. The term ""hypoglycemia"" is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to idiopathic postprandial syndrome, a controversial condition with similar symptoms that occur following eating but with normal blood sugar levels.