Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose
... 3. the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and glucose-6-phosphate for entry into metabolism need to be explored. Finally, the PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY (HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT) will be discussed. This pathway serves three functions 1. It generates NADPH for reductive biosynthesis. 2. It generates ...
... 3. the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and glucose-6-phosphate for entry into metabolism need to be explored. Finally, the PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY (HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT) will be discussed. This pathway serves three functions 1. It generates NADPH for reductive biosynthesis. 2. It generates ...
Stunned myocardium—an unfinished puzzle
... cycle and can replenish the moiety-deprived citric acid cycle via anaplerotic reactions, attenuated myocardial stunning in the swine [21]. Therefore, by indirect effects on ion homeostasis or direct effects on contractile function, energetics could influence myocardial stunning to some extent. In su ...
... cycle and can replenish the moiety-deprived citric acid cycle via anaplerotic reactions, attenuated myocardial stunning in the swine [21]. Therefore, by indirect effects on ion homeostasis or direct effects on contractile function, energetics could influence myocardial stunning to some extent. In su ...
Bacterial hemoglobins and flavohemoglobins: versatile proteins and
... primary use as a substrate and its secondary e¡ects on metabolism. Its use as a substrate allows cellular metabolism to work at optimal levels of substrate utilization and energy yield. Oxygen is required for the regulation of a variety of cellular functions, which are expressed in response to oxyge ...
... primary use as a substrate and its secondary e¡ects on metabolism. Its use as a substrate allows cellular metabolism to work at optimal levels of substrate utilization and energy yield. Oxygen is required for the regulation of a variety of cellular functions, which are expressed in response to oxyge ...
Mitochondrial trans-2-Enoyl-CoA Reductase of Wax Ester
... ml of buffer D, proteins were eluted in a 20-ml gradient of 0 –1 M KCl in buffer D, fractions of 280 l were collected. Active fractions were concentrated by ultrafiltration (Amicon Ultra, Millipore), applied in six runs to a continuous, preparative 6-cm 6% native polyacrylamide gel (Mini-Prepcell, ...
... ml of buffer D, proteins were eluted in a 20-ml gradient of 0 –1 M KCl in buffer D, fractions of 280 l were collected. Active fractions were concentrated by ultrafiltration (Amicon Ultra, Millipore), applied in six runs to a continuous, preparative 6-cm 6% native polyacrylamide gel (Mini-Prepcell, ...
Kinetic analysis of retroviral proteases by HELGA EIZERT
... were much lower than those were previously determined for various other retroviral proteases coded on pol genes (Tőzsér et al., 1991; Tőzsér et al., 1993; Louis et al., 1999), but similar to those obtained previously with gag-encoded avian retrovirus PR (Tőzsér et al., 1996). The pH optimum of HFV P ...
... were much lower than those were previously determined for various other retroviral proteases coded on pol genes (Tőzsér et al., 1991; Tőzsér et al., 1993; Louis et al., 1999), but similar to those obtained previously with gag-encoded avian retrovirus PR (Tőzsér et al., 1996). The pH optimum of HFV P ...
Two nearly identical terpene synthases catalyze the
... Figure 2. Relatedness of AmNES/LIS proteins to other terpene synthases. (a) Alignment of AmNES/LIS-1 (GenBank accession no. EF433761) and AmNES/LIS-2 (GenBank accession no. EF433762) predicted amino acid sequences with snapdragon myrcene synthase (AAO41726), (E)-b-ocimene synthase (AAO42614), strawb ...
... Figure 2. Relatedness of AmNES/LIS proteins to other terpene synthases. (a) Alignment of AmNES/LIS-1 (GenBank accession no. EF433761) and AmNES/LIS-2 (GenBank accession no. EF433762) predicted amino acid sequences with snapdragon myrcene synthase (AAO41726), (E)-b-ocimene synthase (AAO42614), strawb ...
Protease Inhibitors - laboratornichemikalie.cz
... (below) acting as a reversible competitive inhibitor (according to Song and Suh 1998). ...
... (below) acting as a reversible competitive inhibitor (according to Song and Suh 1998). ...
Analysis of the bipartite networks of domain compositions and
... the substrates and enzymes of reactions and the metabolic pathways they belong to. Components of the same enzyme complex are treated as co-occurring proteins in the same reaction, while distinct proteins catalyzing the same reaction are treated as alternative enzymes. 1661 E. coli reactions and 1313 ...
... the substrates and enzymes of reactions and the metabolic pathways they belong to. Components of the same enzyme complex are treated as co-occurring proteins in the same reaction, while distinct proteins catalyzing the same reaction are treated as alternative enzymes. 1661 E. coli reactions and 1313 ...
Life in the slow lane: molecular mechanisms of estivation
... normal metabolism during arousal. Indeed, estivators return to active life with great speed. Spadefoot toads are instantly alert even when they are dug out of earth-filled tubs as gently as possible and when estivating land snails, Otala lactea, are misted with water the foot can emerge from the she ...
... normal metabolism during arousal. Indeed, estivators return to active life with great speed. Spadefoot toads are instantly alert even when they are dug out of earth-filled tubs as gently as possible and when estivating land snails, Otala lactea, are misted with water the foot can emerge from the she ...
as a PDF
... sequence identified an additional operon (yczA-ycbK) with a presumed TRAP binding site (35). This site contains as many as 11 triplet repeats (7 GAG, 3 AAG, and 1 CAG) that overlap the ycbK SD sequence and translation initiation region. Furthermore, the features of this operon suggested that it coul ...
... sequence identified an additional operon (yczA-ycbK) with a presumed TRAP binding site (35). This site contains as many as 11 triplet repeats (7 GAG, 3 AAG, and 1 CAG) that overlap the ycbK SD sequence and translation initiation region. Furthermore, the features of this operon suggested that it coul ...
Transport proteins regulate the flux of metabolites and cofactors
... three carrier proteins for the uptake of the cofactors ATP and NAD into plant peroxisomes. The transport of the three substrates across the peroxisomal membrane is essential for the degradation of fatty acids and fatty acids-related compounds via β-oxidation. This metabolic pathway plays multiple fu ...
... three carrier proteins for the uptake of the cofactors ATP and NAD into plant peroxisomes. The transport of the three substrates across the peroxisomal membrane is essential for the degradation of fatty acids and fatty acids-related compounds via β-oxidation. This metabolic pathway plays multiple fu ...
The Major Component of the Paraflagellar Rod of Trypanosoma
... E. gracilis was a gift from M. Schiirer and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was a gift from A. Boschetti (Departments of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, respectively, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland). Tetrahymena pyriformis was provided by R. Peck (Department of Protozoology, University of Geneva ...
... E. gracilis was a gift from M. Schiirer and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was a gift from A. Boschetti (Departments of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, respectively, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland). Tetrahymena pyriformis was provided by R. Peck (Department of Protozoology, University of Geneva ...
Reconstitution of an Allophycocyanin Trimer Complex Containing
... laminosus. A fraction enriched in AP-associated polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 2 1 -2 3 kD a in SDS-PAGE, was isolated on a preparative scale and identified as a hom olo gous mixture of C-terminal fragments o f the core-membrane linker polypeptide Lcm. The com plex (aAPßAP)3-21 - ...
... laminosus. A fraction enriched in AP-associated polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 2 1 -2 3 kD a in SDS-PAGE, was isolated on a preparative scale and identified as a hom olo gous mixture of C-terminal fragments o f the core-membrane linker polypeptide Lcm. The com plex (aAPßAP)3-21 - ...
A Study of the Behavior of Alkyl Side Chains Phenols and Arenes in
... The mentioned potential energies of the covalent bonds and non-covalent interactions were calculated for common (conventional) n-alkyl phenols and n-alkyl benzenes and also for the models of the cyclized forms of these compounds. The concepts of the cyclized forms were formulated on the basis of the ...
... The mentioned potential energies of the covalent bonds and non-covalent interactions were calculated for common (conventional) n-alkyl phenols and n-alkyl benzenes and also for the models of the cyclized forms of these compounds. The concepts of the cyclized forms were formulated on the basis of the ...
NPTEL-Module-2: Bioorganic Chemistry of Amino Acids Dr. S. S.
... identification and has developed into a biological assay for quantitative analysis of complex protein samples by comparing protein changes in differently perturbed systems. Current goals in proteomics include determining protein sequences, abundance and any post-translational modifications. Other in ...
... identification and has developed into a biological assay for quantitative analysis of complex protein samples by comparing protein changes in differently perturbed systems. Current goals in proteomics include determining protein sequences, abundance and any post-translational modifications. Other in ...
Cholesterol Synthesis
... acids, eicosanoids, retinoids, & various non-polar xenobiotics (drugs & other foreign compounds). Some P450 enzymes have broad substrate specificity. Mechanisms for detoxification of non-polar compounds include reactions such as hydroxylations that increase polarity, so that the products of these ...
... acids, eicosanoids, retinoids, & various non-polar xenobiotics (drugs & other foreign compounds). Some P450 enzymes have broad substrate specificity. Mechanisms for detoxification of non-polar compounds include reactions such as hydroxylations that increase polarity, so that the products of these ...
Purification and Characterization of
... that PRK regulation occurs by two different mechanisms. These differences in PRK regulation may reflect separate Abbreviations: chl, chlorophyll; DE-52, diethylaminoethyl cellulose; PRK, phosphoribulokinase; Rib5P, ribose-5-phosphate; Ru5P, ribulose-5-phosphate. ...
... that PRK regulation occurs by two different mechanisms. These differences in PRK regulation may reflect separate Abbreviations: chl, chlorophyll; DE-52, diethylaminoethyl cellulose; PRK, phosphoribulokinase; Rib5P, ribose-5-phosphate; Ru5P, ribulose-5-phosphate. ...
Gene Section FST (follistatin) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... et al., 1988) the first two, but not the third, are necessary for activin A binding (Keutmann et al., 2004; Harrington et al., 2006). Aside from activins, follistatin also binds several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) including BMP2, BMP4, BMP6 and BMP7 (Iemura et al., 1998; Glister et al., 2004). ...
... et al., 1988) the first two, but not the third, are necessary for activin A binding (Keutmann et al., 2004; Harrington et al., 2006). Aside from activins, follistatin also binds several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) including BMP2, BMP4, BMP6 and BMP7 (Iemura et al., 1998; Glister et al., 2004). ...
Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Oxidative Phosphorylation
... encoded in the nucleus. For example, mammalian cytochrome oxidase (COX) is composed of 13 subunits, three encoded by mitochondrial DNA (subunits, I, II and III) and ten encoded by nuclear DNA. Assembly of each complex involves a coordinated association of prosthetic groups (hemes, non-heme irons, fl ...
... encoded in the nucleus. For example, mammalian cytochrome oxidase (COX) is composed of 13 subunits, three encoded by mitochondrial DNA (subunits, I, II and III) and ten encoded by nuclear DNA. Assembly of each complex involves a coordinated association of prosthetic groups (hemes, non-heme irons, fl ...
The Primary Structure of the Calcium Ion
... calcium ion-transporting adenosine triphosphatase protein of rabbit skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum are described. The 562 unique residues of the protein were placed in sequences. The remaining part of the protein (about 500 residues) yielded long hydrophobic sequences that contained all but one of ...
... calcium ion-transporting adenosine triphosphatase protein of rabbit skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum are described. The 562 unique residues of the protein were placed in sequences. The remaining part of the protein (about 500 residues) yielded long hydrophobic sequences that contained all but one of ...
Advanced Stochastic Protein Sequence Analysis
... biology even allow the development of synthetic drugs aiming at effective therapies against severe illnesses like cancer. The analysis of genetic sequences plays a key role for modern molecular biology research. Once the genome of an organism is readily sequenced, the more difficult task of understa ...
... biology even allow the development of synthetic drugs aiming at effective therapies against severe illnesses like cancer. The analysis of genetic sequences plays a key role for modern molecular biology research. Once the genome of an organism is readily sequenced, the more difficult task of understa ...
The Vitamin K-dependent Carboxylase*
... blood proteins have a pro-coagulant function (prothrombin, and factors VII, IX, and X), others primarily serve anti-coagulant roles (proteins C, S, and Z). For all of the VKD blood proteins, however, the Gla residues are located in a homologous ≈ 45 residue amino-terminal “Gla” domain (1-3). The pre ...
... blood proteins have a pro-coagulant function (prothrombin, and factors VII, IX, and X), others primarily serve anti-coagulant roles (proteins C, S, and Z). For all of the VKD blood proteins, however, the Gla residues are located in a homologous ≈ 45 residue amino-terminal “Gla” domain (1-3). The pre ...
Conversion of trypsin to a functional threonine protease
... previous experiments in which the S195T variant was reported to have activity [Corey and Craik 1992]. This difference may be resolved by considering differences in experimental design. In the previous study, enzyme and substrate assay mixtures were incubated at 25°C until at least one turnover occur ...
... previous experiments in which the S195T variant was reported to have activity [Corey and Craik 1992]. This difference may be resolved by considering differences in experimental design. In the previous study, enzyme and substrate assay mixtures were incubated at 25°C until at least one turnover occur ...
Proteomic profiling of fast-to-slow muscle transitions during aging
... PROTEOMICS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY Investigations into the molecular basis of physiological and pathophysiological changes in skeletal muscle tissues have traditionally focused on single or small groups of genes, proteins, or metabolites. With the advance of high-throughput approaches such as ...
... PROTEOMICS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY Investigations into the molecular basis of physiological and pathophysiological changes in skeletal muscle tissues have traditionally focused on single or small groups of genes, proteins, or metabolites. With the advance of high-throughput approaches such as ...
Protein–protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) refer to physical contacts established between two or more proteins as a result of biochemical events and/or electrostatic forces.In fact, proteins are vital macromolecules, at both cellular and systemic levels, but they rarely act alone. Diverse essential molecular processes within a cell are carried out by molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein components organized by their PPIs. Indeed, these interactions are at the core of the entire interactomics system of any living cell and so, unsurprisingly, aberrant PPIs are on the basis of multiple diseases, such as Creutzfeld-Jacob, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer.PPIs have been studied from different perspectives: biochemistry, quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, signal transduction, among others. All this information enables the creation of large protein interaction networks – similar to metabolic or genetic/epigenetic networks – that empower the current knowledge on biochemical cascades and disease pathogenesis, as well as provide putative new therapeutic targets.