Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry
... ABstrAct Sympathetic neurons taken from rat superior cervical ganglia and grown in culture acquire cholinergic function under certain conditions. These cholinergic sympathetic neurons, however, retain a number of adrenergic properties, including the enzymes involved in the synthesis of norepinephrin ...
... ABstrAct Sympathetic neurons taken from rat superior cervical ganglia and grown in culture acquire cholinergic function under certain conditions. These cholinergic sympathetic neurons, however, retain a number of adrenergic properties, including the enzymes involved in the synthesis of norepinephrin ...
Key Residues Controlling Binding of Diverse Ligands to Human
... and the nicotine-derived compounds cotinine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). CYP2A13 metabolizes nicotine and cotinine with 23- and 15-fold higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) than CYP2A6, respectively (Bao et al., 2005). In addition, the metabolism of NNK by CYP2A13 occur ...
... and the nicotine-derived compounds cotinine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). CYP2A13 metabolizes nicotine and cotinine with 23- and 15-fold higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) than CYP2A6, respectively (Bao et al., 2005). In addition, the metabolism of NNK by CYP2A13 occur ...
Serotonergic Attenuation of the Reinforcing and Neurochemical
... NAcc at the light and electron microscopic levels (Herve et al., 1987; Phelix and Broderick, 1995). It is possible that 5-HT acts on cell bodies to decrease the firing rate of DA neurons or at terminals to decrease DA release. In either case, the ability of 5-HT to attenuate the behavioral effects o ...
... NAcc at the light and electron microscopic levels (Herve et al., 1987; Phelix and Broderick, 1995). It is possible that 5-HT acts on cell bodies to decrease the firing rate of DA neurons or at terminals to decrease DA release. In either case, the ability of 5-HT to attenuate the behavioral effects o ...
"VESICLE IN A BASKET" A Morphological Study of
... (short arrows) . These networks seem to overlap some vesicles as if trying to make radial components of the coronets (long arrows) . The nature of the structure labeled x is not known, but as judged from the thickness of the membrane, it is probably not a mitochondrion . X60,000 . Fig . 6, A high-po ...
... (short arrows) . These networks seem to overlap some vesicles as if trying to make radial components of the coronets (long arrows) . The nature of the structure labeled x is not known, but as judged from the thickness of the membrane, it is probably not a mitochondrion . X60,000 . Fig . 6, A high-po ...
Molecular Recognition of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins by
... simultaneously to two different guests (Figure 2).[8] Q8 binds to only one equivalent of methyl viologen (MV), and the resulting Q8•MV complex binds to 2,6dihydroxynaphthalene (HN). Binding of HN produces a new visible charge-transfer absorbance and the quenching of HN fluorescence. A crystal struct ...
... simultaneously to two different guests (Figure 2).[8] Q8 binds to only one equivalent of methyl viologen (MV), and the resulting Q8•MV complex binds to 2,6dihydroxynaphthalene (HN). Binding of HN produces a new visible charge-transfer absorbance and the quenching of HN fluorescence. A crystal struct ...
Sodium-Coupled Neurotransmitter Transporters Baruch I. Kanner* and Elia Zomot
... transporters, are perfused in a sodium-containing medium and are subjected to a voltage jump (interior negative), transient currents are observed. In contrast to the coupled currents, which are resistive, these transient currents are capacitative and are thought to reflect a charge-moving conformati ...
... transporters, are perfused in a sodium-containing medium and are subjected to a voltage jump (interior negative), transient currents are observed. In contrast to the coupled currents, which are resistive, these transient currents are capacitative and are thought to reflect a charge-moving conformati ...
TETHERING: Fragment-Based Drug Discovery
... on noncovalent interactions between the target protein and small-molecule ligands, requiring high ligand concentrations for detectable occupancy on the protein. In contrast, Tethering relies on reversible covalent bond formation between the fragment and the protein of interest. This in effect amplif ...
... on noncovalent interactions between the target protein and small-molecule ligands, requiring high ligand concentrations for detectable occupancy on the protein. In contrast, Tethering relies on reversible covalent bond formation between the fragment and the protein of interest. This in effect amplif ...
Exploration of binding site pattern in arachidonic
... interactions of AA and characterizing its binding sites in these enzymes therefore is crucial for developing enzyme specific and multi enzyme inhibitors for enhancing therapeutic efficacy and/or overcoming side effects. Results: AA binding sites in COXs and LOXs are identified and compared by the de ...
... interactions of AA and characterizing its binding sites in these enzymes therefore is crucial for developing enzyme specific and multi enzyme inhibitors for enhancing therapeutic efficacy and/or overcoming side effects. Results: AA binding sites in COXs and LOXs are identified and compared by the de ...
Lens Major Intrinsic Protein (MIP)
... efficiency. In five experiments using the probe dilution assay, no change in the NBD emission was observed, although the turbidity assay (see below) revealed that aggregates were forming. Thus, the interaction between junctional proteins and PS membranes is adhesive only and does not destabilize mem ...
... efficiency. In five experiments using the probe dilution assay, no change in the NBD emission was observed, although the turbidity assay (see below) revealed that aggregates were forming. Thus, the interaction between junctional proteins and PS membranes is adhesive only and does not destabilize mem ...
The Roles of Dopamine - ETH E
... syndrome, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, drug addiction or depression (see DISEASE: NEURAL NETWORK MODELS and (Tzschentke, 2001)). These centers are also involved in normal brain functions such as working memory, reinforcement learning, and attention. This article briefly ...
... syndrome, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, drug addiction or depression (see DISEASE: NEURAL NETWORK MODELS and (Tzschentke, 2001)). These centers are also involved in normal brain functions such as working memory, reinforcement learning, and attention. This article briefly ...
Bacillus anthracis produces membrane-derived vesicles containing biologically active toxins
... Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce vesicles that contain toxins or other virulence factors and, in several cases, vesicles have been proposed to be vehicles for toxin delivery to eukaryotic cells (14– 17). Significantly less is known about the r ...
... Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce vesicles that contain toxins or other virulence factors and, in several cases, vesicles have been proposed to be vehicles for toxin delivery to eukaryotic cells (14– 17). Significantly less is known about the r ...
BOOK 1: Nervous system anatomy and function
... Collectively, the medulla, pons and cerebellum are called the hindbrain and perform “lowerlevel functions.” Closest to the spinal cord, the medulla controls breathing and heart beat. On the opposite side of the medulla towards the rest of the brain is the pons (or “bridge”). It relays sensory inform ...
... Collectively, the medulla, pons and cerebellum are called the hindbrain and perform “lowerlevel functions.” Closest to the spinal cord, the medulla controls breathing and heart beat. On the opposite side of the medulla towards the rest of the brain is the pons (or “bridge”). It relays sensory inform ...
Page SCH 23390 SCH 23390 is a synthetic compound that
... Dopamine D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex may be particularly important to higher-order cognitive functions but only a few investigations have addressed the D1–cognition link in healthy samples An inverted U-shaped relation between prefrontal D1 receptor binding and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test perf ...
... Dopamine D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex may be particularly important to higher-order cognitive functions but only a few investigations have addressed the D1–cognition link in healthy samples An inverted U-shaped relation between prefrontal D1 receptor binding and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test perf ...
Lecture 12 Enzymes: Inhibition
... – competitive: inhibitor (I) increases Km but has no effect on Vmax. – uncompetitive: I decreases both Km and Vmax by same factor. – pure noncompetitive: I decreases Vmax but has no effect on Km. – can distinguish different types of reversible inhibitors using double reciprocal plots (1/Vo vs. 1/[S] ...
... – competitive: inhibitor (I) increases Km but has no effect on Vmax. – uncompetitive: I decreases both Km and Vmax by same factor. – pure noncompetitive: I decreases Vmax but has no effect on Km. – can distinguish different types of reversible inhibitors using double reciprocal plots (1/Vo vs. 1/[S] ...
Neural Mechanisms of Addiction
... need, underscoring the importance of understanding the pathophysiologic processes that underlie addiction and its persistence. A major challenge in studying addiction, or any complex behavioral disorder, is the limitations of animal models. Animal models have proved particularly useful in understand ...
... need, underscoring the importance of understanding the pathophysiologic processes that underlie addiction and its persistence. A major challenge in studying addiction, or any complex behavioral disorder, is the limitations of animal models. Animal models have proved particularly useful in understand ...
tRNA-derived short RNAs bind to Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... during initiation of protein biosynthesis has been recently confirmed in Archaea and human cells (Ivanov et al. 2011; Gebetsberger et al. 2012; Sobala and Hutvagner 2013). In the archaeon Haloferax volcanii, tRFs derived from the 5 -part of genuine tRNAs have been shown to directly bind to the ribo ...
... during initiation of protein biosynthesis has been recently confirmed in Archaea and human cells (Ivanov et al. 2011; Gebetsberger et al. 2012; Sobala and Hutvagner 2013). In the archaeon Haloferax volcanii, tRFs derived from the 5 -part of genuine tRNAs have been shown to directly bind to the ribo ...
Phosphatidylglycerol-containing ER
... repair and restitution, and the demand to coordinate nuclear gene expression and maintain regulatory processes in response to cellular need for ATP synthesis were not plausible [3,4,16-18]. The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system is dependent on both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). ...
... repair and restitution, and the demand to coordinate nuclear gene expression and maintain regulatory processes in response to cellular need for ATP synthesis were not plausible [3,4,16-18]. The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system is dependent on both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). ...
α-Synuclein and dopamine at the crossroads of Parkinson`s disease
... dopamine was significantly reduced (~36%) compared to their wild-type littermates [45,48]. This decline was accompanied by decreased expression of TH and dopamine transporter (DAT) in the striatum but no progressive reduction in the number of TH-positive neurons in the SNc [48]. These studies link α ...
... dopamine was significantly reduced (~36%) compared to their wild-type littermates [45,48]. This decline was accompanied by decreased expression of TH and dopamine transporter (DAT) in the striatum but no progressive reduction in the number of TH-positive neurons in the SNc [48]. These studies link α ...
The Neuropsychopharmacology of Stimulants
... calcium. Dopamine was transported into these synaptic vesicles by VMAT (Vesicular Monoamine Transporter). Then the enzyme Dopamine -Hydroxylase inside the vesicle converted the dopamine to norepinephrine. Work by Carlsson and others in the 1950s showed that some regions of the brain, particularly th ...
... calcium. Dopamine was transported into these synaptic vesicles by VMAT (Vesicular Monoamine Transporter). Then the enzyme Dopamine -Hydroxylase inside the vesicle converted the dopamine to norepinephrine. Work by Carlsson and others in the 1950s showed that some regions of the brain, particularly th ...
Elucidating Substrate and Inhibitor Binding Sites on the Surface of
... in green. The positive ends of the residues that form the putative PO32− binding cavity are indicated in blue. The ATP molecule is colored by atom type, with the Mg2+ ion colored black. Note that Q89, N95 and F93 form the bottom and a “wall” of a surface cavity located between the 89–95 loop and the ...
... in green. The positive ends of the residues that form the putative PO32− binding cavity are indicated in blue. The ATP molecule is colored by atom type, with the Mg2+ ion colored black. Note that Q89, N95 and F93 form the bottom and a “wall” of a surface cavity located between the 89–95 loop and the ...
Ligand Binding and Allosteric Regulation
... – Amino acid differences between and reduces HbF's affinity for 2,3-BPG, thus increasing its affinity for O2 under physiological conditions. ...
... – Amino acid differences between and reduces HbF's affinity for 2,3-BPG, thus increasing its affinity for O2 under physiological conditions. ...
An intersubunit lock-and-key `Clasp` motif in the dimer interface of
... Structural investigations of a GST (glutathione transferase), adGSTD4-4, from the malaria vector Anopheles dirus show a novel lock-and-key ‘Clasp’ motif in the dimer interface of the Delta class enzyme. This motif also appears to be highly conserved across several insect GST classes, but differs fro ...
... Structural investigations of a GST (glutathione transferase), adGSTD4-4, from the malaria vector Anopheles dirus show a novel lock-and-key ‘Clasp’ motif in the dimer interface of the Delta class enzyme. This motif also appears to be highly conserved across several insect GST classes, but differs fro ...
Structure of a glutamate transporter homologue from Pyrococcus
... To reveal the molecular architecture of glutamate transporters, and to provide an atomic basis for a mechanism of substrate and ion transport, we crystallized a glutamate transporter homologue from P. horikoshii (GltPh; Supplementary Table S1), which shares 37% amino acid identity with human excitat ...
... To reveal the molecular architecture of glutamate transporters, and to provide an atomic basis for a mechanism of substrate and ion transport, we crystallized a glutamate transporter homologue from P. horikoshii (GltPh; Supplementary Table S1), which shares 37% amino acid identity with human excitat ...
neurocircuitry of addiction
... amygdala (4,61,62). The apparent recruitment of glutamatergic cortical regions by a drug-associated stimulus concurrent with the manifestation of behavioral characteristics of addiction argues for a transition from primarily dopamine-dependent behaviors elicited by acute drug administration to prima ...
... amygdala (4,61,62). The apparent recruitment of glutamatergic cortical regions by a drug-associated stimulus concurrent with the manifestation of behavioral characteristics of addiction argues for a transition from primarily dopamine-dependent behaviors elicited by acute drug administration to prima ...
The Basal Ganglia
... that the limbic system may split its striatal projections into a hippocampus–matrix system and an amygdala–patches system; a similar division has been found for the nucleus accumbens. The best summary is in Gerfen (1992). • Of the midbrain DA cells, the SNc (A9) projects mainly to the patches and A ...
... that the limbic system may split its striatal projections into a hippocampus–matrix system and an amygdala–patches system; a similar division has been found for the nucleus accumbens. The best summary is in Gerfen (1992). • Of the midbrain DA cells, the SNc (A9) projects mainly to the patches and A ...