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The Basal Ganglia
The Basal Ganglia

... strengthening of the learned response (e.g. injecting amphetamine or dopamine agonists into the dorsal striatum after training leads to superior retention of a learned response). Dopamine in the ventral striatum: evidence • ICSS is most prominent to the VTA. Beware the interpretation: reward or moto ...
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Přírodovědecká fakulta
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... This review is focused on drugs of the group of opioids but, to a lesser extent, some attention is devoted also to amphetamine-type stimulants and cocaine and their effects on neuroglia. Opioids, mainly morphine, have been used for relieving pain for a long time. Their effects have been known since ...
USE.BioBasisSyllabus.F10
USE.BioBasisSyllabus.F10

... We will survey a number of biological models of psychopathology. The course will incorporate aspects of abnormal psychology, behavioral neuroscience and human neuropsychology. Unlike neuropsychology, however, it will focus exclusively on traditional psychological disorders such as depression, anxiet ...
Stahl_3rd_ch19_Part2..
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... detoxification process (Figure 19-32). A partial mu opiate agonist, buprenorphine, now available in a sublingual dosage formulation combined with naloxone, can also substitute for stronger full agonist opiates and then be tapered. It is combined with the opiate naloxone, which does not get absorbed ...
2 50% WHY GUIDELINES FOR PRIMARY CARE PROVIDERS?
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... Offer or arrange evidence-based treatment (e.g. medication-assisted treatment and behavioral therapies) for patients with opioid use disorder (Recommendation #12) A study showed patients prescribed high dosages of opioids long-term (>90 days) had 122 times the risk of opioid use disorder compared to ...
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... If you’re worried about your use of alcohol and drugs, but want to continue using them more safely, here are some ways to help you cut back: ~ Don’t drink or use to feel better when you’re down or anxious. ~ Avoid drinking or using on your own. ~ Avoid keeping alcohol or drugs at your house. ~ Avoid ...
Neurological Consequences
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... unable to distribute noradrenaline, they adjust by increasing their level of activity in an effort to regain homeostasis. 2. Roughly normal amounts of noradrenaline can now be distributed throughout the body, and the opioid dependent feels more or less like normal. 3 .Also, the opioid receptors gra ...
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... substance, or recovering from its effects. In some instances of more severe substance use disorders, virtually all of the individual’s daily activities revolve around the substance. In other instances, use is confined to limited time periods – a few hours per day, or a day or two per week or a weeke ...
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... and route of administration of these drugs affect the intensity of the experience and its effect on mood (36). In addition, if several weeks of abstinence are maintained, many stimulant users report a dysphoric state marked by anhedonia which may persist for weeks (37). ...
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... It is based on the premise that substance misusers can be ‘absent-minded’ when it comes to considering their children’s mental development thus putting them at developmental risk. The paper provides a useful overview of the concept of mentalisation and how this might apply to substance misuse genera ...
The ASAM Standards of Care - For the Addiction Specialist Physician
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... It is important to note The Standards outline a minimum standard of physician performance and should not be construed as describing the extent to totality of care that a person with addiction might require. Additionally, these standards are not substance-, behavior-, or setting-specific, but apply g ...
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... a combination. For these problems to be diagnosed as ADHD, they must be out of the normal range for a child's age and development. ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder of childhood. It affects about 3 - 5% of school aged children. ADHD is diagnosed much more often in boys than in ...
Craving, Desire, and Addiction
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... we can support human life at its most holistic. Desire is a natural part of life that provides the motivating force for our achievements. Our highest aspirations are animated by desire. Yet, when desire becomes obsession or craving, we cross over into the territory of suffering. What before was an a ...
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... Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-44, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4713. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2012. ...
Wise Up Presentations
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1 Understanding Neurotransmission and the Disease of Addiction (2
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... drugs due to genetic differences among people. Third, many drug abusers abuse more than one drug. Many individuals who take cocaine, for example, also drink alcohol. The combination of the drugs makes it difficult to determine what the effect of one drug alone may be. Another complication is drug ad ...
Treating Anxiety and OCD: Past, Present and Future
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...  Cognitive function.  Biological marker,  Epidemiological findings  Brain imaging ...
Understanding Neurotransmission and the Disease of Addiction
Understanding Neurotransmission and the Disease of Addiction

... due to genetic differences among people. Third, many drug abusers abuse more than one drug. Many individuals who take cocaine, for example, also drink alcohol. The combination of the drugs makes it difficult to determine what the effect of one drug alone may be. Another complication is drug addicts ...
F-tag 329: Unnecessary Drugs
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... antipsychotic drug therapy is necessary to treat a specific condition as diagnosed and documented in the clinical record. ...
Wise Up! Presentation for Parents
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... • Most commonly abused drug among youth • Average age people start drinking is 12.9 years • One out of 20 high school seniors drink daily ...
Running Head: Behavioral Therapy Theory Behavioral Therapy
Running Head: Behavioral Therapy Theory Behavioral Therapy

... leads to a positive outcome, then the person is more likely to do it again. For instance, users begin to associate alcohol or drugs as a reward, which leads to increased desire to use it over and over. Reward and punishment can be beneficial tools when trying to encourage individuals to develop heal ...
2 - Philsci
2 - Philsci

... useful in section 4 where I discuss the primary explanatory problem in RTA. The diagnostic conditions I have proposed here are basically a way to formalize the extent of the aspects of an addict that RTA focuses on within their theory. With the formal diagnostic conditions in mind I am now ready to ...
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Addiction

Addiction is a state characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, despite adverse consequences. It can be thought of as a disease or biological process leading to such behaviors. The two properties that characterize all addictive stimuli are that they are reinforcing (i.e., they increase the likelihood that a person will seek repeated exposure to them) and intrinsically rewarding (i.e., something perceived as being positive or desirable).Addiction is a disorder of the brain's reward system which arises through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms and occurs over time from chronically high levels of exposure to an addictive stimulus (e.g., morphine, cocaine, sexual intercourse, gambling, etc.). ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions; two decades of research into ΔFosB's role in addiction have demonstrated that addiction arises, and addictive behavior intensifies or attenuates, along with the genetic overexpression of ΔFosB in the D1-type medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens; due to the causal relationship between ΔFosB expression and addictions, it is used preclinically as an addiction biomarker. ΔFosB expression in these neurons directly and positively regulates drug self-administration and reward sensitization through positive reinforcement, while decreasing sensitivity to aversion.Addiction exacts an astoundingly high toll on individuals and society as a whole through the direct adverse effects of drugs, associated healthcare costs, long-term complications (e.g., lung cancer with smoking tobacco, liver cirrhosis with drinking alcohol, or meth mouth from intravenous methamphetamine), the functional consequences of altered neural plasticity in the brain, and the consequent loss of productivity. Classic hallmarks of addiction include impaired control over substances or behavior, preoccupation with substance or behavior, and continued use despite consequences. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs).Examples of drug and behavioral addictions include: alcoholism, amphetamine addiction, cocaine addiction, nicotine addiction, opiate addiction, exercise addiction, food addiction, gambling addiction, and sexual addiction. The term addiction is misused frequently to refer to other compulsive behaviors or disorders, particularly dependence, in news media.
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