rajiv gandhi university of health sciences
... 20 to 60 years old were selected at random from the Brazilian household population. And used weighted logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios for the associations between early exposure to violence and substance misuse. And assessed the mediating effect of depression on these associati ...
... 20 to 60 years old were selected at random from the Brazilian household population. And used weighted logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios for the associations between early exposure to violence and substance misuse. And assessed the mediating effect of depression on these associati ...
Berridge, K.C.Brain reward systems for food incentives and
... cases, the causes of eating disorder might then be found to lie completely outside brain reward functions. Indeed, brain reward functions would persist largely normally, and may even serve as aids to eventually help spontaneously normalize eating behavior even without treatment. The answer to which ...
... cases, the causes of eating disorder might then be found to lie completely outside brain reward functions. Indeed, brain reward functions would persist largely normally, and may even serve as aids to eventually help spontaneously normalize eating behavior even without treatment. The answer to which ...
Disentangling pleasure from incentive salience and
... to food in the refrigerator when hungry, for example, involves learned predictions of tasty treats, motivation to eat, and finally, pleasure enjoyed upon eating. How do neural circuits separately control and track these components of Pavlovian reward as distinct signals? An answer to this question is ...
... to food in the refrigerator when hungry, for example, involves learned predictions of tasty treats, motivation to eat, and finally, pleasure enjoyed upon eating. How do neural circuits separately control and track these components of Pavlovian reward as distinct signals? An answer to this question is ...
Serotonergic Attenuation of the Reinforcing and Neurochemical
... Johanson, 1998). Clearly, there is a great need for pharmacological treatments to combat abuse of these drugs; however, no pharmacotherapy has demonstrated sufficient efficacy for widespread clinical use (Carroll et al., 1999). A better understanding of the effects of cocaine on central nervous syst ...
... Johanson, 1998). Clearly, there is a great need for pharmacological treatments to combat abuse of these drugs; however, no pharmacotherapy has demonstrated sufficient efficacy for widespread clinical use (Carroll et al., 1999). A better understanding of the effects of cocaine on central nervous syst ...
The addictive behaviour induced by food monosodium glutamate
... plasticity in the nucleus accumbens is critical for the expression of the behaviors related to addiction (18,19). Desensibilization of D2 receptors and sensibilization of glutamatergic pathways are linked at cellular level and are considered to be molecular mechanisms of conditioning and drug addict ...
... plasticity in the nucleus accumbens is critical for the expression of the behaviors related to addiction (18,19). Desensibilization of D2 receptors and sensibilization of glutamatergic pathways are linked at cellular level and are considered to be molecular mechanisms of conditioning and drug addict ...
cocaine 2008 - addiction education home
... Behavioral sensitization of psychostimulants was accompanied by alterations in a variety of biochemical molecules in different brain regions. However, which change is actually related to drug-produced sensitization lacks of accurate clarification. In this study, we investigated the role of integrin ...
... Behavioral sensitization of psychostimulants was accompanied by alterations in a variety of biochemical molecules in different brain regions. However, which change is actually related to drug-produced sensitization lacks of accurate clarification. In this study, we investigated the role of integrin ...
Nicotinic Receptors in Addiction Pathways
... behavioral effects of nicotine, the major psychoactive component of tobacco, have long been known, it was not until the early 1980s that the structure and functions of neuronal nAChRs in the brain were addressed. The identification, by Romano and Goldstein (1980), of stereospecific nicotinebinding s ...
... behavioral effects of nicotine, the major psychoactive component of tobacco, have long been known, it was not until the early 1980s that the structure and functions of neuronal nAChRs in the brain were addressed. The identification, by Romano and Goldstein (1980), of stereospecific nicotinebinding s ...
Predicting a Tendency to Use Drugs From Child and Adult Attention
... and family-related problems (6). Adolescents with substance use disorders (SUDs) are also more likely to have co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses compared with adolescents without SUDs. In 2000, substance dependence was estimated to account for $67 billion in economic loss due to crime, social proble ...
... and family-related problems (6). Adolescents with substance use disorders (SUDs) are also more likely to have co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses compared with adolescents without SUDs. In 2000, substance dependence was estimated to account for $67 billion in economic loss due to crime, social proble ...
High reward expectancy during methylphenidate depresses the
... other systems beyond the striatum that modulate striatal activity and are themselves modulated by dopaminergic manipulations. In our gambling paradigm (Camara et al., 2010), participants chose between two levels of reward amplitude on each trial. Although this choice induced reward expectancy, at fe ...
... other systems beyond the striatum that modulate striatal activity and are themselves modulated by dopaminergic manipulations. In our gambling paradigm (Camara et al., 2010), participants chose between two levels of reward amplitude on each trial. Although this choice induced reward expectancy, at fe ...
The subthalamic nucleus exerts opposite control on cocaine and
... STN-lesioned rats worked less than sham-lesioned rats. They reached a lower breaking point and gained a lower number of injections (group effect: F1,16 ¼ 8.69, P o 0.01) (Fig. 3c). The amount of locomotor activity recorded during the sessions for cocaine self-administration was equivalent in both gr ...
... STN-lesioned rats worked less than sham-lesioned rats. They reached a lower breaking point and gained a lower number of injections (group effect: F1,16 ¼ 8.69, P o 0.01) (Fig. 3c). The amount of locomotor activity recorded during the sessions for cocaine self-administration was equivalent in both gr ...
Psychosis and drug dependence: results from a national survey of
... the questions on alcohol use. Among the drinkers, there was no evidence for a significant relationship between AUDIT scores and functional psychosis (OR for AUDIT score of 416¼1.56; 16 1.56; NS). Inmates who had first used cannabis, amphetamine, opiates or cocaine before the age of 16 were at greate ...
... the questions on alcohol use. Among the drinkers, there was no evidence for a significant relationship between AUDIT scores and functional psychosis (OR for AUDIT score of 416¼1.56; 16 1.56; NS). Inmates who had first used cannabis, amphetamine, opiates or cocaine before the age of 16 were at greate ...
Neural effects of positive and negative incentives during marijuana
... monetary loss in healthy individuals [21]. Neuroimaging studies have also suggested that reward-motivation systems are differentially affected by drug-seeking behavior, such as withdrawal [22]. For example, smokers in withdrawal showed greater activation in brain regions for incentive salience durin ...
... monetary loss in healthy individuals [21]. Neuroimaging studies have also suggested that reward-motivation systems are differentially affected by drug-seeking behavior, such as withdrawal [22]. For example, smokers in withdrawal showed greater activation in brain regions for incentive salience durin ...
Neural Effects of Positive and Negative Incentives during
... monetary loss in healthy individuals [21]. Neuroimaging studies have also suggested that reward-motivation systems are differentially affected by drug-seeking behavior, such as withdrawal [22]. For example, smokers in withdrawal showed greater activation in brain regions for incentive salience durin ...
... monetary loss in healthy individuals [21]. Neuroimaging studies have also suggested that reward-motivation systems are differentially affected by drug-seeking behavior, such as withdrawal [22]. For example, smokers in withdrawal showed greater activation in brain regions for incentive salience durin ...
Pain Management and Addiction
... Pain Management and Addiction Studies indicate that chronic pain and substance use disorders (SUDs) frequently co-occur (Chelminski et al., 2005; Rosenblum et al., 2003; Savage, Kirsh, & Passik, 2008); as such, addiction counselors who are knowledgeable about pain issues can provide better care for ...
... Pain Management and Addiction Studies indicate that chronic pain and substance use disorders (SUDs) frequently co-occur (Chelminski et al., 2005; Rosenblum et al., 2003; Savage, Kirsh, & Passik, 2008); as such, addiction counselors who are knowledgeable about pain issues can provide better care for ...
How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse?
... vulnerable to drug abuse, thereby increasing the frequency of drug use in these individuals. Consistent with this hypothesis, Covington and Miczek (2001) have reported that chronic exposure to social defeat stress in laboratory animals increased cocaine self-administration during cocaine binge episo ...
... vulnerable to drug abuse, thereby increasing the frequency of drug use in these individuals. Consistent with this hypothesis, Covington and Miczek (2001) have reported that chronic exposure to social defeat stress in laboratory animals increased cocaine self-administration during cocaine binge episo ...
Chapter 18
... them happen—and not because an experimenter was controlling the situation. The effectiveness of a reinforcing stimulus is greatest if it occurs immediately after a response occurs. If the reinforcing stimulus is delayed, it becomes considerably less effective. The reason for this fact is found by ex ...
... them happen—and not because an experimenter was controlling the situation. The effectiveness of a reinforcing stimulus is greatest if it occurs immediately after a response occurs. If the reinforcing stimulus is delayed, it becomes considerably less effective. The reason for this fact is found by ex ...
Negative Reinforcement
... them happen—and not because an experimenter was controlling the situation. The effectiveness of a reinforcing stimulus is greatest if it occurs immediately after a response occurs. If the reinforcing stimulus is delayed, it becomes considerably less effective. The reason for this fact is found by ex ...
... them happen—and not because an experimenter was controlling the situation. The effectiveness of a reinforcing stimulus is greatest if it occurs immediately after a response occurs. If the reinforcing stimulus is delayed, it becomes considerably less effective. The reason for this fact is found by ex ...
Volatile Solvents as Drugs of Abuse: Focus on the Cortico
... become aware that solvents were euphorigenic and could possibly produce psychological dependency (Glaser and Massengale, 1962). It is now widely accepted that volatile solvents are a distinct class of abused drugs, and chronic solvent use can lead to a substance use disorder (abuse or dependence), a ...
... become aware that solvents were euphorigenic and could possibly produce psychological dependency (Glaser and Massengale, 1962). It is now widely accepted that volatile solvents are a distinct class of abused drugs, and chronic solvent use can lead to a substance use disorder (abuse or dependence), a ...
Nicotine addiction and comorbidity with alcohol abuse and mental
... the main addictive component that motivates continued tobacco use despite its harmful effects4,6–10. Nicotine is addictive in the absence of tobacco, and it supports self-administration, enhances reward from brain stimulation and reinforces preference for the place where nicotine is administered (pl ...
... the main addictive component that motivates continued tobacco use despite its harmful effects4,6–10. Nicotine is addictive in the absence of tobacco, and it supports self-administration, enhances reward from brain stimulation and reinforces preference for the place where nicotine is administered (pl ...
MMNeuropharm2011
... cocaine exposure elicits long-lasting synaptic adaptations at excitatory synapses on VTA DA neurons. Furthermore, drug-evoked plasticity can be generalized to other addictive drugs. Additional experiments with amphetamine, morphine, ethanol, nicotine and benzodiazepines (Saal et al., 2003; Tan et al ...
... cocaine exposure elicits long-lasting synaptic adaptations at excitatory synapses on VTA DA neurons. Furthermore, drug-evoked plasticity can be generalized to other addictive drugs. Additional experiments with amphetamine, morphine, ethanol, nicotine and benzodiazepines (Saal et al., 2003; Tan et al ...
2012 Community Profile Prescription Drug Abuse in
... assigned one of four codes: T36 – T50, poisoning by drugs, medicaments and biological substances, X40 – X49, accidental poisoning by and exposure to noxious substances not including alcohol, X60 – X84, intentional self harm due to poisoning, and Y10 to Y34, death due to drug poisoning of unknown int ...
... assigned one of four codes: T36 – T50, poisoning by drugs, medicaments and biological substances, X40 – X49, accidental poisoning by and exposure to noxious substances not including alcohol, X60 – X84, intentional self harm due to poisoning, and Y10 to Y34, death due to drug poisoning of unknown int ...
Behavioral dopamine signals
... Figure 1. Schematics of electrophysiological responses of single dopaminergic neurons to reward-related stimuli. (a) Prediction-error coding at the time of the reward: activation following an unpredicted reward (positive-prediction error; top), no response to a fully expected reward (no prediction e ...
... Figure 1. Schematics of electrophysiological responses of single dopaminergic neurons to reward-related stimuli. (a) Prediction-error coding at the time of the reward: activation following an unpredicted reward (positive-prediction error; top), no response to a fully expected reward (no prediction e ...
Role of Nitric Oxide on Dopamine Release and Morphine
... inputs (Hartung et al., 2011; Exley, Clements, Hartung, McIntosh, & Cragg, 2008; Threlfell et al., 2010). NO also modulate the release of ACh in dorsal and ventral striatum (Trabace & Kendrick, 2000). Notably, ACh on DA axons has an important role in controlling of DA release (Exley et al., 2008; Zh ...
... inputs (Hartung et al., 2011; Exley, Clements, Hartung, McIntosh, & Cragg, 2008; Threlfell et al., 2010). NO also modulate the release of ACh in dorsal and ventral striatum (Trabace & Kendrick, 2000). Notably, ACh on DA axons has an important role in controlling of DA release (Exley et al., 2008; Zh ...
PDF
... Such recordings from rats running through mazes have yet to be reported. If similar ramps in neural firing rate were found, this would strengthen the current results. Yet, not finding them would also be revealing, because the relationship between firing of dopaminergic neurons and dopamine release i ...
... Such recordings from rats running through mazes have yet to be reported. If similar ramps in neural firing rate were found, this would strengthen the current results. Yet, not finding them would also be revealing, because the relationship between firing of dopaminergic neurons and dopamine release i ...