The Cosmic Rays and Our Galaxy
... 2.2 Cosmic Rays and the Early Days of Particle Physics CRs are very-high-energy particles entering the atmosphere, making it possible before the advent of particle accelerators the creation of new, unstable particles through the Einstein relation between energy and mass. Around 1920, only the proton ...
... 2.2 Cosmic Rays and the Early Days of Particle Physics CRs are very-high-energy particles entering the atmosphere, making it possible before the advent of particle accelerators the creation of new, unstable particles through the Einstein relation between energy and mass. Around 1920, only the proton ...
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... that the pearly white corona was strongly polarized. This observation indicated the presence of material particles in the corona (to scatter the photospheric light). Today we know that scattering by the electrons in the corona is the reason for this polarization, but in 1868 electron was not yet dis ...
... that the pearly white corona was strongly polarized. This observation indicated the presence of material particles in the corona (to scatter the photospheric light). Today we know that scattering by the electrons in the corona is the reason for this polarization, but in 1868 electron was not yet dis ...
Potential for Life on the Terrestrial Planets
... the CME-induced O+ ion pick up at orbital distances ≤ 0.2 AU. We have found that atmospheres with CO2/N2 mixing ratios lower then 96% and exposed to intense XUV fluxes result in higher exospheric temperatures and more expanded thermosphereexosphere environments and, hence, suffer stronger atmospheri ...
... the CME-induced O+ ion pick up at orbital distances ≤ 0.2 AU. We have found that atmospheres with CO2/N2 mixing ratios lower then 96% and exposed to intense XUV fluxes result in higher exospheric temperatures and more expanded thermosphereexosphere environments and, hence, suffer stronger atmospheri ...
Outgassing History and Escape of the Martian Atmosphere and
... The initial water inventory of a planet is acquired from colliding planetesimals, growing planetary embryos, impacting asteroids and comets (e.g., Lunine et al. 2003; Brasser 2012). Lunine et al. (2003) estimated the cumulative collision probability between small bodies and Mars and found that Mars’ ...
... The initial water inventory of a planet is acquired from colliding planetesimals, growing planetary embryos, impacting asteroids and comets (e.g., Lunine et al. 2003; Brasser 2012). Lunine et al. (2003) estimated the cumulative collision probability between small bodies and Mars and found that Mars’ ...
The Causes of Livestock Odors By: Rick Koelsch
... bacteria react with manure solids forming acids and many other compounds, many having strong odors. Next, methane-forming bacteria convert acids to odorless methane and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen sulfide also results from completed anaerobic processes which results in some odors. Greater sensitivity o ...
... bacteria react with manure solids forming acids and many other compounds, many having strong odors. Next, methane-forming bacteria convert acids to odorless methane and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen sulfide also results from completed anaerobic processes which results in some odors. Greater sensitivity o ...
The prebiotic molecules observed in the interstellar gas
... similar results are obtained with other dissociating and ionizing mechanisms, including UV radiation and X-rays. The significance of these experiments to the origin of life has been debated, with no firm conclusions emerging, except that the generation of biogenic molecules under astronomical condit ...
... similar results are obtained with other dissociating and ionizing mechanisms, including UV radiation and X-rays. The significance of these experiments to the origin of life has been debated, with no firm conclusions emerging, except that the generation of biogenic molecules under astronomical condit ...
Solar System Constraints on the Dvali-Gabadadze
... the diverse modified-gravity scenarios that are currently under consideration. For example, even a simple Yukawa modification to GR does not naturally lend itself to a PPN description. The “forward modelling” approach, to look for the (necessarily small) corrections to GR dynamics in the solar syste ...
... the diverse modified-gravity scenarios that are currently under consideration. For example, even a simple Yukawa modification to GR does not naturally lend itself to a PPN description. The “forward modelling” approach, to look for the (necessarily small) corrections to GR dynamics in the solar syste ...
Proceedings of the 8th Australian Space Science Conference
... with the study and origin of all planetary systems. This focus is epitomised by the search for extrasolar planets, the study of the origin and evolution of planets in the solar system, and the research into the origin and evolution of life on Earth and, possibly, on other terrestrial planetary objec ...
... with the study and origin of all planetary systems. This focus is epitomised by the search for extrasolar planets, the study of the origin and evolution of planets in the solar system, and the research into the origin and evolution of life on Earth and, possibly, on other terrestrial planetary objec ...
Escherichia coli
... 1) Enzymes systems require the use of O2 as the final hydrogen/electron acceptor in the complete oxidation of glucose. 2) They must have atmospheric O2. B) Microaerophiles 1) Require limited amounts of atmospheric O2 for growth. 2) Excess O2 kills them. C) Facultative anaerobes 1) Normally grow as a ...
... 1) Enzymes systems require the use of O2 as the final hydrogen/electron acceptor in the complete oxidation of glucose. 2) They must have atmospheric O2. B) Microaerophiles 1) Require limited amounts of atmospheric O2 for growth. 2) Excess O2 kills them. C) Facultative anaerobes 1) Normally grow as a ...
Many Chemistries Could Be Used to Build Living Systems
... the life process. So such structural elements are essential for life. However, their chemical nature is not constrained by this requirement. For a system of many interacting macromolecules to be physically stable and yet capable of chemical activity, the molecules must (a) interact flexibly, which i ...
... the life process. So such structural elements are essential for life. However, their chemical nature is not constrained by this requirement. For a system of many interacting macromolecules to be physically stable and yet capable of chemical activity, the molecules must (a) interact flexibly, which i ...
Emerging Frontiers in Geomicrobiology
... a variety of molecular processes that include redox catalysis, confi nement in microcompartments, or nucleation on organic polymers with a specific architecture. Such microbiological materials can be used for a wide range of applications in optoelectronics, electronics, and sensor technologies, as w ...
... a variety of molecular processes that include redox catalysis, confi nement in microcompartments, or nucleation on organic polymers with a specific architecture. Such microbiological materials can be used for a wide range of applications in optoelectronics, electronics, and sensor technologies, as w ...
Nonuniform viscosity in the solar nebula and large masses of Jupiter
... and is colder than the inner part. Therefore a head start plus ice condensation providing sufficient mass enable the Jovian planets to trap the gases in the nebula before they are dispersed. This accounts for the large masses of the Jovian planets and their abundances of H and He while the terrestri ...
... and is colder than the inner part. Therefore a head start plus ice condensation providing sufficient mass enable the Jovian planets to trap the gases in the nebula before they are dispersed. This accounts for the large masses of the Jovian planets and their abundances of H and He while the terrestri ...
METHODS FOR DETERMINING BIOGENICITY IN ARCHEAN AND
... Freshly fractured chips, and petrographic thin sections were analyzed with an Oxford ISIS energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and a Phillips SEM XL 40 ...
... Freshly fractured chips, and petrographic thin sections were analyzed with an Oxford ISIS energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and a Phillips SEM XL 40 ...
Characterizing the Effects of Asteroid Belt Perturbations on the
... asteroids (as discrete point masses), and small asteroids (cumulatively). The largest uncertainty in our knowledge of the orbits of the inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, is due to perturbations from the complicated and uneven mass distribution within the asteroid belt. The goals of thi ...
... asteroids (as discrete point masses), and small asteroids (cumulatively). The largest uncertainty in our knowledge of the orbits of the inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, is due to perturbations from the complicated and uneven mass distribution within the asteroid belt. The goals of thi ...
EXPOSE
EXPOSE is a multi-user facility mounted outside the International Space Station dedicated to astrobiology. EXPOSE was developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) for long-term spaceflights and was designed to allow exposure of chemical and biological samples to outer space while recording data during exposure.The results will contribute to our understanding of photobiological processes in simulated radiation climates of planets (e.g. early Earth, early and present Mars, and the role of the ozone layer in protecting the biosphere from harmful UV-B radiation), as well as studies of the probabilities and limitations for life to be distributed beyond its planet of origin. EXPOSE data support long-term in situ studies of microbes in artificial meteorites, as well as of microbial communities from special ecological niches. Some EXPOSE experiments investigated to what extent particular terrestrial organisms are able to cope with extraterrestrial environmental conditions. Others tested how organic molecules react when subjected for a prolonged period of time to unfiltered solar light.