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5a) Characteristics of a series circuit:
5a) Characteristics of a series circuit:

...  Amount of current decreases as more loads are added (because there is more resistance)  The voltage gained by electrons at the source is shared between the loads. b) Characteristics of a parallel circuit:  The current leaving the source is split between the different paths  Amount of current le ...
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... of the output transformer. This is then further smoothed by R32/C23, R30/C25 and R31/C26 to supply the screen grids, phase splitter and preamp respectively. R28 and R29 are to discharge the high voltage capacitors when then unit is turned off. The ac heater supply is simply connected via a twisted p ...
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Opto-isolator



In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal. Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/μs.A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, and lamp-photoresistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.
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