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On the Great Compromise
On the Great Compromise

... moment), by increasing government borrowing (external debt would have to be more than double its current level) or at the expense of the reserve fund (as the fund would be depleted in the lead up to the presidential election). The government is trying to increase revenues by expropriating the pro-ra ...
Sustainability
Sustainability

... • In part that is because it creates greater incentives for opportunistic policy behavior. • Now the dollar has a credible competitor, the euro. • We know that vehicle currency status depends on network externalities--could there be a tipping point given the current idiosyncratic course in American ...
Rising Debt increases the likelihood of a fiscal crisis during which
Rising Debt increases the likelihood of a fiscal crisis during which

... the economy in both the public and private sector. Causes of this excess cost growth include:  Americans Are Unhealthy when compared to populations in similar economies ...
Econ 1312 Final Study Guide
Econ 1312 Final Study Guide

... 7. An increase of 3 percent in the inflation rate causes the natural level of output to a. increase by 3 percent c. decrease by 3% ...
Uruguay_en.pdf
Uruguay_en.pdf

... occurred at the end of the year, the interest rate was once again controlled, and was set at 9.5% in December and raised to an annual 10% at the beginning of 2009. In March 2009 it was adjusted back down to 9%. The figure for monetary expansion (M1) was 7.4% in real terms by the end of 2008, followi ...
Rising Rates: The Fed Takes Next Step Toward Normal
Rising Rates: The Fed Takes Next Step Toward Normal

Bid 1 A285 Safer Roads Fund Appendix D
Bid 1 A285 Safer Roads Fund Appendix D

... automatically calculated in 2010 prices. The benefits are calculated based on annual FSI reduction, so the benefit stream is calculated over the 20-year appraisal period. VIDA automatically applies the discount rate, but it discounts to the current year. A further adjustment is therefore needed in o ...
Honduras_en.pdf
Honduras_en.pdf

... Although 2013 saw an increase of 6.4% in central government revenue, current expenditure rose significantly (by 14.9%), chiefly as a result of higher debt interest payments (40.9%), current transfers (29.2%) and spending on goods and services (14.6%). Interest payments have risen as the country’s de ...
1) The gist of taxes
1) The gist of taxes

... • Money provided by taxation has been used by states and their functional equivalents throughout history to carry out many functions. Some of these include expenditures on war, the enforcement of law and public order, protection of property, economic infrastructure (roads, legal tender, enforcement ...
DownloadPDF
DownloadPDF

... Housing investment is projected to have expanded at a particularly robust pace of 5.0% in 2016 supported by strongly rebounding house prices, particularly in urban areas. Although house price increases moderated somewhat over the course of 2016, housing investment is expected to further accelerate t ...


... the country’s main trading partner economies and the fall in the soybean price. On the fiscal front, the public accounts are expected to record a deficit of 2.1% of GDP. This situation is unlikely to be turned round in the short run, given the country’s low tax burden, scant political support for me ...
Exchange rate
Exchange rate

... Numerator is the price of foreign goods expressed in domestic currency. Denominator is the price of domestic goods (also in domestic units). ...
Objectives of Five year plans in India - MBA MATERIALS
Objectives of Five year plans in India - MBA MATERIALS

... • Emphasis was laid on corporate transparency and improving the infrastructure. • It sought to reduce poverty ratio by 5 percentage points by 2007and increase in literacy rates to 75 per cent by the end of the plan. • Increase in forest and tree cover to 25 per cent by 2007 and all villages to have ...
Concord Coalition Chart Talk Slides
Concord Coalition Chart Talk Slides

... Income from dedicated taxes, premiums, and state transfers Source: Medicare Trustees’ Report, 2008 ...
Discussant - Future of Children
Discussant - Future of Children

... • The different types of social welfare functions are incomplete. Discussion incomplete on implications – such as using welfare weights to aggregate the costs and benefits discussion in section I. • The population section is a nice addition (though perhaps not for the readers of the special issue). ...
review sheet
review sheet

... - Keynesian theory explains that changes in taxes will affect AD. Supply sides economics argues that decreases in taxes will increase AS. --Expansionary Fiscal Policy-- ↑government spending or ↓taxes or both → creates a budget deficit which is funded through sale of government securities. This creat ...
Sri Lanka experience
Sri Lanka experience

... The complexity of relationships between people and with nature is emphasized, along with the importance of establishing Social Structures that take account of this. ...
The Roth 401(k) - ValueYourMoney.org
The Roth 401(k) - ValueYourMoney.org

... 50 and older can make an additional $5,500 catch-up contribution; for a grand total of $22,500. Contributions can be split between the two types of accounts, and funds will be held separately. However, the contribution limit is for both accounts combined, not individually. Matching Contributions: Em ...
La dette publique libanaise : Anticipation de défaut de l`Etat libanais
La dette publique libanaise : Anticipation de défaut de l`Etat libanais

... ith a national debt exceeding 190% of the GDP by the end of the year 2006, the Lebanese government is in a difficult situation. To this effect, the literature reveals the various causes which possibly could lead to default of their public debt. The first objective of this paper is to analyze the evo ...
17.1_SupplySidePolicies - econbus
17.1_SupplySidePolicies - econbus

... What needs to happen in both scenarios to reach Allocative efficiency? ...
Fiscal Policy
Fiscal Policy

... 2. Borrowing from the Public- competition for funds will drive up interest rates and counterbalance the effect of increased spending 3. Money creation-This can alleviate the competition for funds, but can potentially cause increase inflation 4. Contractionary Policy Impact-increasing surplus 5. Debt ...
Carlin
Carlin

... In absence of delivery by private sector, policy must target the real exchange rate • Fiscal policy councils – Active fiscal policy not a debt brake is required (e.g. Spain’s budget surpluses & tumbling debt ratio during 1999-2007) Demands: • Effective policy-making / governance at national level OR ...
Unit 3 Review
Unit 3 Review

... Unplanned Changes in Inventories – changes in inventories firms did not anticipate Actual Investment – planned investment plus unplanned increase/decrease in inventories ...
Guatemala_en.pdf
Guatemala_en.pdf

... declined (5.9%), with a particularly sharp fall in the “other capital expenditure” component (-13.5%). As a result, the central government deficit rose slightly to 1.6% of GDP, compared with 1.4% in 2007. In 2008, the external public debt increased by 3.7% over its 2007 level, and at the close of De ...


... Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of official figures. a Estimates. b Figures as of October. c Figures as of September. d A negative rate indicates an appreciation of the currency in real terms. Refers to the extraregional real effective exchange r ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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