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Honduras_en.pdf
Honduras_en.pdf

... Fiscal policy remained expansionary in 2009, the result being a fiscal deficit of 6.2% of GDP, compared with 2.5% at the end of 2008. Spending increased to 63,669.1 million lempiras (23.5% of GDP), an 8.5% rise in nominal terms from the level of December 2008. A policy of public-sector wage increase ...
Private Placements and Infrastructure Finance.qxp
Private Placements and Infrastructure Finance.qxp

... in-house specialist debt investors. The very private nature of the assets has ensured their reputation remains obscure. However, there are excellent opportunities for pension funds in these asset classes which are uncovered by delving further into the fixed income markets. It is likely that the majo ...
Oksanen-14Apr-screen  348856 en
Oksanen-14Apr-screen 348856 en

... extracting some of the increased wealth for themselves during retirement. The generation working from the mid-1970s to the present day, on the contrary, reduced collective saving to a persistently negative level. They also reduced fertility below replacement, hence leaving a continuously declining w ...
Macroeconomic Theory
Macroeconomic Theory

... (or increase exports) must also have an effect on at least one of the other variables in the system. If exports were to remain the same, then domestic savings must increase relative to domestic investment. The specifics will depend on whether the proposal would lead to changes in income or changes i ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... • Do we need to cut spending? Absolutely. We will need to take every dollar that isn’t nailed down – and some that are. • But cutting spending will be very hard – not just “waste, fraud and abuse,” not just foreign aid, or Congressional salaries, or earmarks. • So, can we solve the problem only with ...
Obj. 5 Vocabulary
Obj. 5 Vocabulary

... 29. Index fund - A mutual fund that was designed to reduce fees by investing in the stocks and bonds that make up an index 30. Inflation - The rise in the general level of prices 31. Inflation risk - The danger that money won’t be worth as much in the future as it is today 32. Investment - Assets pu ...
New Fiscal Rule - Israel Ministry of Finance
New Fiscal Rule - Israel Ministry of Finance

... importance for maintaining the fiscal stability of the State of Israel, by setting limitations on both the deficit level and the rate of growth of government expenditure. The existing legislation contributed to the reduction of the deficit in the last few years, and consequently, to a decline of the ...
01 alaska - Truth in Accounting
01 alaska - Truth in Accounting

... pay bills does not include capital assets, so $2.2 billion of related debt is removed from the calculation of State bills. Unfunded employees' retirement benefits represent 68% of state bills. These unfunded liabilities have accumulated because state employees have been promised $7.7 billion of pens ...
Transport opportunities & challenges
Transport opportunities & challenges

...  Opportunity for regulated utility model for national roads  Infrastructure Fund for pension investment may assist also ...
Fiscal policy is carried out primarily by:
Fiscal policy is carried out primarily by:

... B) a reduction in agricultural subsidies and veterans' benefits C) a postponement of a highway construction program D) a reduction in Federal tax rates on personal and corporate income 6. If the government (whether through fiscal or monetary policies) increases its spending during recession to assis ...
Spain - BayesFor
Spain - BayesFor

... Non-residents of Spain pay taxes only on their income earned within Spain. ...
Fall 2014 Week 8 Tutorial Questions (Ch6)
Fall 2014 Week 8 Tutorial Questions (Ch6)

... Q1: Macroeconomics P.220 Review Questions #1 Q2: Macroeconomics P. 220 Review Questions #2 Q3: Macroeconomics P.220 Review Questions #4 Q4: Macroeconomics P.220 Numerical Problems #1 Q5: Macroeconomics P.220 Numerical Problems #2 Q6: Macroeconomics P.220 Numerical Problems #5 Q7: Macroeconomics P.22 ...
1. Social security 2. Madatory funded systems 3. Voluntary
1. Social security 2. Madatory funded systems 3. Voluntary

... distribution follows the hierarchy of salaries. The GDP percentage for pensions (state + additional) is almost the same everywhere in the EU, BUT the smaller the role of the state pension, the bigger the income inequality is. On macro-economical level, all pillars constitute a whole. Save in the 1th ...
1 Miami Dade College ECO 2013 Principles of Macroeconomics
1 Miami Dade College ECO 2013 Principles of Macroeconomics

... A) The economy is predicted to increase at 0.1% in July, but the numbers are revised in August to reflect an actual 2% decrease. B) Current data have been provided to policymakers, but they decide to wait and see what happens in the next quarter. C) The government responds to the 2% decrease in the ...
Birth Rate
Birth Rate

... of 30° N, passing between North and Middle America, north of Africa and India, but dipping south so as to include Australia and New Zealand in the “Rich North.” ...
Evidence-Based Economics
Evidence-Based Economics

... depended on “effective demand” in relation to the “money wage,” but their policy ignored the part about wages and sought to stabilize demand at a high enough level to ensure “full” employment. Cecil Pigou and Franco Modigliani objected that if demand were successfully increased, the money wage level ...
Fiscal policy: tax and spending
Fiscal policy: tax and spending

... Current vs. future consumption Composition of consumption (VAT and market prices, Sin goods) ...
Anticipating the Economic Turnaround with S
Anticipating the Economic Turnaround with S

... The same approach can be used with the other two indicators, unemployment, and interest rates, both available in even more detailed monthly data. The former, documented by the employment-to-population ratio in percent, has also undergone an S-shaped growth step since the World-War-II days and has re ...
The New Era of Negative Household Savings Rate
The New Era of Negative Household Savings Rate

... The factor behind the negative savings rate: the aging of the population One of the factors behind the negative savings rate is, of course, the aging of the population in Japan. Supporting evidence can be found in the data provided by the Family Income and Expenditure Survey, which collects data on ...
Characteristics of Economic Development
Characteristics of Economic Development

...  Many infectious diseases  Limited access to health care  High infant mortality rate  Low life expectancy ...
The role of savings in the economy
The role of savings in the economy

... Over the very long term the only real solution to our capital needs is to provide it ourselves through a higher level of savings. Indeed, experience elsewhere around the world, especially in Asia, has shown that high savings rates typically tend to be associated with higher economic growth and emplo ...
The trend in social security and other welfare benefits
The trend in social security and other welfare benefits

... The rules for indexing the unemployment benefit were similarly changed in 1997. Instead of being tied to changes in common pay in the fish processing industry the unemployment benefit, which is a fixed and flat sum, became tied to price rises. In 2003 it is about 77.000 Icelandic krónur per month a ...
PSFU NEWS PRIVATE SECTOR MEETS BANK OF UGANDA TO
PSFU NEWS PRIVATE SECTOR MEETS BANK OF UGANDA TO

... c) The Governor proposed to the Private Sector to explore the option of entering into future contracts (e.g. SWAPS, Forwards). These would help in planning since through these the exchange rate is fixed with the specific financial institutions. This however maybe taken with caution since the exchan ...
PBGC Paper - Quantria Strategies
PBGC Paper - Quantria Strategies

... of defined benefit plans has rebounded in the last two years.7 On average, the funded ratio – that is, the fraction of promised benefits that can be covered by existing assets – reached 90 percent and more companies reported a surplus in pension assets than in the prior year. In addition, investment ...
chapters 13 – 15 review part 2
chapters 13 – 15 review part 2

... A Explain thee short‐run eeffect of the eexpansionary A. y policy on eaach  of the follo owing:  1. Real intterest rates  2. Output  vel  3. Price lev 4. Employ yment  B. Explain thee long‐run efffect of the exxpansionary policy on each  of the follo owing (hint: iin this second d shift, how w would ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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