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Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics

... expansionary effect is greater since private investors are not buying bonds ...
peking - Visegrad Summer School
peking - Visegrad Summer School

... Tax Revenue of the Consolidated Central Government Including Social Security (percent of GDP) average 00-03 ...
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Skatter og udgifter

... Two particularly important reasons for growth of the Danish welfare state in recent decades: 1. Structural reasons: Many welfare expenditures are ”locked-in” and may increase even without political decisions. 2. The ”asymmetric” nature of costs and benefits: It is more popular to increase government ...
Investment Choice by Plan Members in OECD Countries with
Investment Choice by Plan Members in OECD Countries with

... In the FDC system individuals can choose between one and five funds from over 500 funds: 65% equity funds,15% fixed-income funds, and 20% mixed or life-cycle funds In addition; There is a publicly managed mutual fund as the default fund. The Premium Pension Authority (PPM) administers the system • C ...
Colombia_en.pdf
Colombia_en.pdf

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TEST I - Steve Kyle`s
TEST I - Steve Kyle`s

... no current threat to the economy. That's a main reason why Fed policy-makers have had leeway to leave short-term interest rates at a 45-year low of 1 percent and why they can afford to be patient in ordering future rate increases… 1. Despite the Fed’s most recent decision, raising interest rates is ...
Restoring Fiscal Sanity: Meeting the Long
Restoring Fiscal Sanity: Meeting the Long

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14.02 Principles of Macroeconomics Spring 06 Quiz 1
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Bahamas_en.pdf
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... payments, owing to reduced public-sector construction activity. Non-tax receipts decreased by 7.8%, associated with lower deferred interest payments, which had been inflated by a one-off payment in 2012. Meanwhile, income from public enterprises increased sharply due to the payment of outstanding la ...
Trinidad_and_Tobago_en.pdf
Trinidad_and_Tobago_en.pdf

... central bank and the Ministry of Finance. In mid-2009, the fundamentals of the country’s banks remained strong, as the cash ratio reached 18% (compared with a legal minimum of 8%) and loan delinquency rates stood at about 2%. ...
The Senate Republican Plan for Creating Jobs and Prosperity
The Senate Republican Plan for Creating Jobs and Prosperity

... savings, and investment, and reduce incentives for businesses—small and large—to grow and invest. The U.S. can’t be competitive with the highest business tax rate in the world. We should reform both the individual and corporate tax systems in a comprehensive manner to provide lower rates with fewer ...
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Review Questions for Midterm #1

... equilibrium output on an IS-LM graph showing both changes. 8) Using an IS-LM graph show the “crowding out” effect of an increase in government spending. Would this be an argument for or against the current stimulus proposals? 9) Which of the following is a shift and which is a movement along the cur ...
Social effects of the crisis
Social effects of the crisis

... to maintain the purchasing power. The production model of this period displays the energy consumption and dependency of Spain, which resulted in a growth of CO2 three times more than committed in the Kyoto Protocol. These processes happened due to an increasing inequality in society and the more and ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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