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Paraguay_en.pdf
Paraguay_en.pdf

... stock-farming, industry and construction also made an outstanding contribution to this overall result. In the absence of inflationary pressures, the Central Bank of Paraguay maintained a neutral monetary policy. In terms of fiscal performance, public spending slowed in 2013 following a marked increa ...
As you may be aware, today is a very special day, a special
As you may be aware, today is a very special day, a special

... of Government spending and the marginal costs to growth, employment and innovation intersect. The academic literature - which includes the European Commission, many famous universities and think tanks - suggests that the optimum amount of state participation in the economy is around 35% of GDP. This ...
ECO 102 2nf Ass
ECO 102 2nf Ass

... Q#7 How would each of the following affect national saving, investment, the current account balance, and the real interest rate in a large open economy? a. An increase in the domestic willingness to save (which raises desired national saving at any given real interest rate). b. An increase in the wi ...
FÁS Corporate Slides - Dublin Employment Pact
FÁS Corporate Slides - Dublin Employment Pact

... Dublin population aged 15-24 falling (-26,000) during this decade ...
Discussion: Burda - De Nederlandsche Bank
Discussion: Burda - De Nederlandsche Bank

... Note: Based on figure 3.8 in WEO (2010). The predicted changes in unemployment are based on Okun's law specifications that include additional control variables, including measures of financial, housing and equity market stress. Source: Schindler (2011). ...
8- February 4
8- February 4

... since FY 2009. Apparently the uptick in public sector investment has failed to crowd in private sector investment. This may be in part because public sector investment overwhelmingly consists of expenditure through the annual development programme (ADP). The number of projects included in the ADP in ...
TWO POLICY CHALLENGES DRIVEN BY POPULATION AGING
TWO POLICY CHALLENGES DRIVEN BY POPULATION AGING

... in a country’s birth rate will not only increase the population growth rate but, since people are always born at age zero, it must also decrease the average age of the population. Conversely, and more importantly for Canada’s future, a decrease in the birth rate reduces the population growth rate an ...
MEDICARE COSTS AND RETIREMENT SECURITY Introduction By Alicia H. Munnell*
MEDICARE COSTS AND RETIREMENT SECURITY Introduction By Alicia H. Munnell*

... premiums and cost sharing will eventually represent an unaffordable share of retirement income. At the same time, income tax rates to finance the shortfall in the SMI program will leave future retirees with less after-tax income to cover these costs. As much as people might value the benefits of hea ...
The Big Four banks - Switzer Super Report
The Big Four banks - Switzer Super Report

... circumstances. ...
3. Policy Lags
3. Policy Lags

... the government employs is to lower down the interest rates, to attract people to borrow money and spend them on projects or businesses. When the economy is in danger of overheating (when growth is too fast, threatening a rise in inflation), the government increases interest rates to make access to e ...
Q4 GDP – Stronger than Keynes Predicted
Q4 GDP – Stronger than Keynes Predicted

... almost two years. Inventories rose sharply, and real final sales (real GDP excluding inventories) grew at a 2.5% annual rate versus a tepid 1.7% pace in the prior year. Late next week we get the first report on Q4 real GDP growth. Our “add-em up” calculations suggest the economy grew at a respectabl ...
Total Spending 2010
Total Spending 2010

... SOURCE: Data from the Department of Treasury, 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government. Compiled by PGPF. NOTE: Numbers may not add due to rounding. Estimates for Medicare and Social Security benefits are from the Social Security and Medicare Trustees reports, which are as of January 1, ...
Development and Institutions - University of California
Development and Institutions - University of California

... long in any state which does not enjoy a regular administration of justice, in which the people do not feel themselves secure in the possession of their property, in which the faith of contracts is not supported by law, and in which the authority of the state is not supposed to be regularly employed ...
What is the Truth in Lending Statement?
What is the Truth in Lending Statement?

... statement is designed to give you information about the costs of your loan so that you can be compare these costs among various programs and lenders. Here are the most common questions that we get on the subject of Truth in Lending Disclosure Statements: Q. What is ANNUAL PERCENTAGE RATE? ...
Discussion - Norges Bank
Discussion - Norges Bank

... variables of monetary policy or omission of important persistent influences on actual setting of policy, i.e. extrinsic persistence of the policy rate • Difference is important: “For example, when faced with a surprising economic recession or a jump in inflation, the inertial policymaker slowly chan ...
National Debt.
National Debt.

... 1. Increased borrowing by the state for current budget deficit purposes. (reduced tax revenues / increased current spending) 2. Increased borrowing by the state for infrastructural projects. 3. Increased interest rates on the loans. 4. Borrowing to finance the state’s bailout of the banks ...
Lecture Series 3: Fiscal Policy Basics
Lecture Series 3: Fiscal Policy Basics

... Benefits Now, what does that Govt. employee do with that $32,000? ...
Lecture Series 3: Fiscal Policy Basics
Lecture Series 3: Fiscal Policy Basics

... Benefits Now, what does that Govt. employee do with that $32,000? ...
Midterm answers
Midterm answers

... Instructions. Use a number #2 pencil; make clean erasures. In many cases there might be two or more correct answers; be sure to pick the best answer. Also, ask if there are any questions whatsoever about the interpretation of the questions. Answer all multiple choice questions. 1. It is only by borr ...
Economics 259 Final Exam Spring 2016 Name: Before beginning
Economics 259 Final Exam Spring 2016 Name: Before beginning

... 8. According to the monetary policy rule proposed by John Taylor, when real GDP is above its natural level, the nominal federal funds rate should be ________, and when inflation is below 2 percent, the nominal Federal funds rate should be ________ . a. raised; raised b. raised; lowered c. lowered; l ...
30 September 2015 Real income of the population grew faster
30 September 2015 Real income of the population grew faster

... 7. Average monthly income from employment is defined as wages and salaries for the national economy (D.11) in average per month divided by the number of employees (full-time equivalent). The wages and salaries indicator includes all income from employment, namely in cash as well as in kind (employee ...
UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

... The state is the key factor in public sector wage-setting in most of the countries. With austerity policies being practiced all over Europe, the paying determination mode has changed and collective bargaining hag given its place to unilateral state decisions. Firing people on a large scale is a meas ...
Solutions
Solutions

... a. Do you think expansionary policy actions are appropriate? (Remember that policy actions often take 1–3 years before they have their full effect on the economy.) Your answer may differ, but the slow recovery with low inflation makes conditions conducing to expansionary policy. b. If expansion is a ...
Capital Flows and Accelerating Mechanism: An Alternative
Capital Flows and Accelerating Mechanism: An Alternative

... may not reflect the objective of the EME policy makers ...
Section 5 Homework: Questions Answer Key 2. a. When Rupert
Section 5 Homework: Questions Answer Key 2. a. When Rupert

... e. When the government of Russia buys $100 million in U.S. government bonds, it has invested in a financial asset. The Russian government has a paper claim on the United States that entitles it to future income. It is not an example of investment spending because it does not add to the stock of phys ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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