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www.polska2030.pl The 3 rd OECD World Forum, Busan, 27–30 October 2009
www.polska2030.pl The 3 rd OECD World Forum, Busan, 27–30 October 2009

... Key National Indicators as a tool of planning and audit in Poland ...
9-Taxes-and-the-Economy
9-Taxes-and-the-Economy

... Benefits received principle – people benefit from the taxes they pay ...
The Greek welfare state in the age of austerity
The Greek welfare state in the age of austerity

... credit from the ECB allowed the banking sector to expand rapidly, at the same time, the real economy did not yield enough streams of revenue to prevent the accumulation of high domestic debt while the trade deficit worsened.While advanced core EU countries, like Germany, were able to constrain wages ...
Fiscal Consolidation Strategy: An Update For The Budget Reform
Fiscal Consolidation Strategy: An Update For The Budget Reform

... Somewhat more than half of this reduction occurs relatively early in the ten year period; by 2016. The plan’s impact on federal purchases is, in contrast, relatively modest. Government purchases decline relative to GDP by only 0.179 percentage points. After 2023 we assume that the annual expenditure ...
Economy in Brief
Economy in Brief

... Fiscal restraint, by both the federal and provincial governments, a near balance in the current account, low inflation and output below potential have helped to keep Canadian interest rates low. Since early 1995, short rates have fallen over 5 percentage points while long rates are down more than 3 ...
Summary of IS-LM
Summary of IS-LM

... Risk and BP • As we will see this makes recession worse • The premium is like an increase in world interest rates • Shift BP up – BP <0 (see “Imbalance” section) ...
1 Growth rates 2 Hat calculus
1 Growth rates 2 Hat calculus

... Example 2 Real and Nominal GDP. The price level is measured by the GDP deflator. This is an index which starts at 100 for some arbitrarily defined base year. The GDP deflator is a measure of the average prices of goods and services in the economy. The inflation rate is the percentage increase in the ...
Short Duration Income Fund Commentary
Short Duration Income Fund Commentary

... rates continued to increase. Spreads on floating-rate securities tightened during the quarter amid robust issuance, and fixed securities outperformed floating-rate securities due to higher coupons and principal appreciation. At the same time, the fund benefited as modest increases in LIBOR [London I ...
Hats.pdf
Hats.pdf

... Example 2 Real and Nominal GDP. The price level is measured by the GDP deflator. This is an index which starts at 100 for some arbitrarily defined base year. The GDP deflator is a measure of the average prices of goods and services in the economy. The inflation rate is the percentage increase in the ...
Professor`s Name
Professor`s Name

... These materials may be found at the Class Web site prior to beginning the exercise. For many of the exercise’s questions, it will be necessary to refer to those instructions. For many of the exercise’s questions, it will be necessary to refer to your text. Open the Macro1 module. You will see a tabl ...
I = prt - SWMStbradford
I = prt - SWMStbradford

... Print pages 1 & 2 (3 & 4 for the answer key) front to back. On my printer, I use the option to print double-sided and to flip along the long edge. Have students cut the page in half, along the dashed line, creating two pieces. They will then line up the two pieces as shown: ...
Macro - Unit 3
Macro - Unit 3

... price level increased. However, in the 1970’s,when increases in the overall price level were accompanied by increases, not decreases, in the unemployment rate, some reporters went so far as to declare macroeconomics “bankrupt” and unable to explain this “mystery”. Using short run aggregate demand an ...
FASB UPDATES TO 10TH EDITION Since the 10th edition of Nikolai
FASB UPDATES TO 10TH EDITION Since the 10th edition of Nikolai

... “financial” assets and liabilities are valued at fair value while “non-financial” assets and liabilities are valued at historical cost. The FASB moved in this direction when it issued FASB Statement No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, including an Amendmen ...
Labour Force
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... Many labour unions negotiate adjustments such as the cost-ofliving Three types of indexation include: fully indexed incomes, partially indexed incomes, and fixed incomes During periods of inflation, people who are fully indexed to inflation rates maintain their purchasing power, while those with par ...
Reconciling the Cambridge and Wall Street
Reconciling the Cambridge and Wall Street

... • ‘It is virtually impossible for the investment-saving mechanism … to result in an optimal degree of capacity utilization…. It is, rather, expected, that the economy will generally exhibit smaller or larger margins of unutilized capacity over and above the difference between full and optimal capaci ...
Chpt 12 PP
Chpt 12 PP

... Lost last job Quit last job Laid off ...
Introduction - Brookings Institution
Introduction - Brookings Institution

... more easily. Indeed, by early 2005, the spread on interest rates on emergingmarket bonds relative to those on U.S. treasury bonds stood at an eight-year low. The lower spread, coupled with the lower level of U.S. rates, has eased the debt service of all emerging-market borrowers. It remains to be se ...
Chapter 9 Key Issue #1x
Chapter 9 Key Issue #1x

... The natural increase rate averages more than 2 percent annually in less developed countries and less than 1 percent in more developed ones. Greater natural increase strains a country’s ability to provide services that can make its people healthier and more productive. ...
Sec 2.2 Review Questions
Sec 2.2 Review Questions

... Define the marginal propensity to consume. What are the three components of the marginal propensity to withdraw? How is the spending multiplier calculated? The government spends $3 billion on police cars. Explain why aggregate demand might increase by more than $3 billion. Economists observe that an ...
Fixed Exchange Rates and Macroeconomic Policy
Fixed Exchange Rates and Macroeconomic Policy

... Monetary policy ineffective under fixed exchange rates • With a fixed exchange rate, you give up on ...
Policy brief
Policy brief

... It seems hard to argue in favor of the expansionary effects of fiscal austerity these days. Evidence suggests that its ability to stimulate private expenditures is, at best, very low.3 For an economy that is in a financial trap like Argentina was in the late 1990s, this argument is even harder to su ...
Specimen question paper
Specimen question paper

... A country has a slow rate of growth of productivity and rising cyclical unemployment. All other things being equal, which measures are most likely to increase the rate of growth of productivity and reduce cyclical unemployment? A Increased investment and increased saving. B More government spending ...
Business 4 Template - Friedrich-Ebert
Business 4 Template - Friedrich-Ebert

... * Employed in Services composed half of all employed in the economy; ...
Aggregate Demand
Aggregate Demand

... comes from four general sources, and we have already seen these components when we describe how total production is measured in the economy. • GDPr=C+I+G+(X-M) ...
- SlideBoom
- SlideBoom

... 13. According to the Classical growth model, an economy that increases its saving will grow: • Quickly since the increase in saving will permit greater investment. • Quickly since the increase in saving will permit more rapid technological progress. • Slowly because interest rates will fall, causin ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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