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Recovered File 1
Recovered File 1

... Because the notion of interest exists, money now, would be worth more than money in the future (if interest rates are assumed to be more than zero). One very good way of evaluating the value of various different payment patterns is to determine their present value. The better investment (ceteris par ...
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Examination Paper, Solutions and Examiner`s Report Certificate in

... The commercial activities and associated core competencies of a company will affect the risk appetite of that company. RRR manufactures a specialised home security product and may need to take risk by investing in research and development activities with uncertain outcomes with the aim of keeping at ...
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... Animal spirits can be considered expectations of the future. They are hard to predict or to quantify. However formed, firms’ expectations of future prices may affect their current price decisions. An increase in future price expectations may shift the AS curve to the left and thus act like a cost sh ...
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MODEL MCQs – CAIIB, PAPER-2, MOD

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Name 1 In The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money

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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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