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Benefit corporation according to Italian law
Benefit corporation according to Italian law

...  The benefit corporation which does not pursue the public benefit purpose is subject to the rules concerning deceptive advertising and to consumer law;  Any partnership or corporation can acquire the legal status of Benefit Company if all the abovementioned conditions are satisfied and can add the ...
Discussion on “Monetary Policy “Contagion” in the Pacific: A Historical Inquiry
Discussion on “Monetary Policy “Contagion” in the Pacific: A Historical Inquiry

... – Sample Period : Edwards <2000~2008> vs. Choi et al. <1995~2014>  Fed tightening in the period 2000 to 2008 was largely attributable to U.S. inflation, while policy actions after the GFC are more associated with output slowdown and slow recovery ...
Income and wealth taxes in the euro area
Income and wealth taxes in the euro area

... As far as income taxes are concerned, there is a clear trend towards higher top income tax rates. Nevertheless, top tax rates are usually still below the high levels registered at the turn of the century or – even more striking – in the mid1980s. In the 17 eurozone countries the average top income t ...
Macroeconomics Review 2
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...  1) Labor force has a constant growth rate n , i.e. Lt  Lt 1 (1  n)  2) In each period, a constant fraction of employed men ...
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Laurence J.

... question of setting equitable and efficient credits and tax rates. For many demographic groups in the U.S., the combined implicit tax schedules of multiple, independently run welfare programs generate quite strange, and, presumably, highly inefficient, transfer expenditure—equivalent tax schedules. ...
Global Aging: How Companies Can Adapt to the New Reality
Global Aging: How Companies Can Adapt to the New Reality

... as a consequence of its one-child-per-family policy, which reduced births by an estimated 400 million between 1979 (when the law was enacted) and 2010. Today, this law is facing increasing challenges. ...
Public Sector Pensions - Institute of Economic Affairs
Public Sector Pensions - Institute of Economic Affairs

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The Harrod-Domar model:

... c. If there is a large increase in the saving rate, and therefore a large increase in the amount of new capital formation, is the ICOR likely to rise, fall, or remain the same? Explain. 6) The government of a poor developing country fears that a political upheaval will occur unless the growth rate i ...
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Post-9/11 War Spending, Debt, and the Macroeconomy

... identify the invasion of Iraq as a major disruption in oil markets, while they do establish the oil supply shocks of the 1970s and the turmoil surrounding the 1956 Suez Crisis and the First Gulf War. Rather, these papers pinpoint the unexpectedly rapid increases in the demand for oil by developing c ...
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Test 3 - Department of Economics

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Continuing Care Retirement Communities Encounter Actuarial

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Mankiw 5e Chapter 7

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Low Interest Rates and Financial Stability

... costs of which do not adjust downwards when interest rates decline. Unlike mutual funds or defined contribution pension funds, businesses like life insurance companies and defined benefit pension funds are not focused on “value maximisation”, a strategy that may involve a willingness to take risks i ...
the benefit system - Ministry of Social Development
the benefit system - Ministry of Social Development

... The varying fates of different national economies during the past two decades of general economic slowdown also give material for thought. Some managed a respectable 2 or 3% plus trend, perhaps more in line with longer-term growth potential than were the more spectacular figures achieved during the ...
Economics` Approach to Financial Planning by Laurence J. Kotlikoff
Economics` Approach to Financial Planning by Laurence J. Kotlikoff

... Economists have been developing their approach to financial planning for almost a century. Yale’s Irving Fisher provided the first breakthrough, showing that when it comes to consuming their lifetime economic resources households seek neither to splurge nor horde, but rather to achieve a smooth livi ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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