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cash reserve ratio impact on stock market (india) in long run
cash reserve ratio impact on stock market (india) in long run

... taken into consideration the Multicollinearity problem among different macroeconomic variables and attempted to eliminate it. To do this analysis we have taken monthly basis database of different economical variables. Then we applied Factor Analysis to find out Factors affecting BSE Sense. We found ...
Higher mortgage rates, lower housing affordability
Higher mortgage rates, lower housing affordability

... mortgage rates if home prices held steady. However, when coupled with a 4.3 percent year-over-year increase in median existing home prices, which we forecast for 2017, the monthly mortgage payment would rise roughly 10 percent, or about $90 (middle chart).* That increase would be quite a lot for man ...
4. S  D upply and
4. S D upply and

... very likely for 2015 as well. After curbing consumption in 2014, macroprudential measures are not expected to have an additional tightening effect in 2015. Moreover, the favorable effects of the ongoing improvement in financial conditions and the possible decline in inflation driven largely by falli ...
186 - Supreme Court of Canada Judgments
186 - Supreme Court of Canada Judgments

... 1927, without any witness testifying at the hearing that an alteration had taken place. As the Board was determining what would be a fair return on the capital invested by the company in the enterprise, and as it reduced the return from 10% to 9%, it can, I think, be taken that by "the altered condi ...
Exchange Rate Determination in Developing Economies
Exchange Rate Determination in Developing Economies

... all other variables’ partials are expected to be positive4. Four variables, TT (trend variable capturing the influence of weather condition), C (corruption), PMR (parallel market exchange rate) and PMP (parallel market exchange rate premium) appear to be peculiar to the typical developing economy. C ...
Risk-taking behavior of Commodity Trading Advisors
Risk-taking behavior of Commodity Trading Advisors

... substantially below the HWM and, thus, the incentive contract is deep out of the money. Fung and Hsieh (1997) find that multi-fund CTAs have less incentive to increase risk after poor performance, an outcome that can be attributed to attempts by fund managers to protect their reputations among the i ...
determining the risk free rate for regulated companies
determining the risk free rate for regulated companies

... To summarise, the use of an interest rate of longer term than the regulatory period for setting output prices leads to two problems in a presence of a non-flat term structure. If the non-flat term structure is due to a liquidity premium, and therefore unpredictability in future spot rates, the use o ...
Taxes - University at Buffalo
Taxes - University at Buffalo

... movements cropped up. In the United States, a revolt against property taxes succeeded in passing state-level referendums or legislation limiting such taxes. But this, too, varied significantly across countries.6 The most important cause of the nearly-universal flatlining of tax revenues beginning ar ...
Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statements
Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statements

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Positive ruble interest rates to raise propensity to save in Russia

... restrains real interest rate growth. Therefore, propensity to save in rubles may climb very slowly. By 2021, we expect the share of ruble deposits in disposable income to gradually increase from 4.3% to 5.6%. The 1990s transformation experience will affect most active population’s saving behavior un ...
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NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INTERNATIONAL LENDING AND BORROWING IN A STOCHASTIC SEQUENCE EQUILIBRIUM

... utility is bounded above. Clarida (1985) establishes that these latter conditions are sufficient to insure the existence of a stationary distribution for asset holdings in the more general case in which lending and borrowing (in amounts which can be repaid with probability one) are ...
2013 Audit - Hartsel Fire Protection District
2013 Audit - Hartsel Fire Protection District

... During 2013, the District’s long-term liabilities were reduced by $116,736. This was the result of reducing the principal on the District’s two capital leases, one of which was paid off during 2013, leaving one capital lease with an outstanding balance at December 31, 2013. See notes to financial st ...
Demand-side Economics
Demand-side Economics

... At this point, inventories fall and are replaced with new production that causes an increase in employment. As employment increases, income increases, and as income increases, consumption rises. We are now at D. We repeat the process ...
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MainStay Epoch Global Equity Yield SMA

... entails greater risks than those normally associated with domestic markets such as foreign political, currency, economic and market risks. Equity securities' prices may fluctuate in response to specific situations for each company, industry, market conditions and general economic environment. Compan ...
Practice Exam - Dasha Safonova
Practice Exam - Dasha Safonova

... 28. In April 2008 the price of oil was approximately $130 per barrel; in April 2015, it was approximately $40 per barrel. This change in the price of oil could have started (a) ...
NBER WORXING PAPER SERIES CURRENT ACCOUNT AND BUDGET DEFICITS IN AN
NBER WORXING PAPER SERIES CURRENT ACCOUNT AND BUDGET DEFICITS IN AN

... finances its budget deficits through external borrowing and does not issue domestic bonds. This simplification does not change any result of the model because in the consolidation of the budget constraint for the entire economy (equation (3) below) domestic bonds issued by the government and held by ...
Will the Global Crisis Lead to Global Transformations?
Will the Global Crisis Lead to Global Transformations?

... 1. In many respects subjects of the international economy (because of a lack of development in the financial regulation of international law) behave in a similarly uncontrolled and anarchic manner as was observed earlier with respect to subjects of a national market (i.e., because of lack of develop ...
Openness and the Effects of Monetary Policy on the Exchange Rates
Openness and the Effects of Monetary Policy on the Exchange Rates

... Maximum Likelihood whereas we used Generalized Least Squares (GLS). Moreover, the time period covered for the analysis is different: 1953-1990 vs. 1988-2000. There is not a very special reason for choosing this period. But the general reason is that many developing countries started to open their ec ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: Exchange Rate Theory and Practice
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: Exchange Rate Theory and Practice

... the United States will influence all these variables and therefore the DM/$ exchange rate. Nevertheless, only a small part of the depreciation of the deutsche mark vis-a-vis the United States dollar in the course of 1980 and the first two quarters of 1981 can be explained by the effects of United St ...
ANALYSIS OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE
ANALYSIS OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

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Money and Economic Stability in the ISLM World
Money and Economic Stability in the ISLM World

... – There are two alternative LM curves: LMsteep and LMflat with two IS curves representing shifts in autonomous investment – Shift of the IS curve will result in much greater variations in economic activity with a flat LM curve – This is a result of greater variations in the rate of interest with the ...
Chapter Problems Frank and Bernanke Chapters 17
Chapter Problems Frank and Bernanke Chapters 17

... To determine actual U.S. labor productivity using only the information in Table 20.3, recall first that productivity grew by 0.6% per year during 1973-79. So if productivity in 1973 equaled x, in 1979 productivity equaled x*(1.006)6. Over the next 21 years productivity increased at 1.7%, so producti ...
Monetary Policy and Business Investment in the Euro
Monetary Policy and Business Investment in the Euro

... levels of private sector debt in some member states. The banking sector has acted as a constraint on investment in recent years but now appears set to support positive investment growth. The ECB has done much to boost investment but there is still room for a large and co-ordinated public investment ...
NBER WORKING PAPERS SERIES TRADE REFORMS, CREDIBILITY, AND DEVELOPMENT
NBER WORKING PAPERS SERIES TRADE REFORMS, CREDIBILITY, AND DEVELOPMENT

... focus on the signaling role of investment, taking the commercial policy invoked by the reformist administration as given. We consider the case where there are several feasible projects, requiring both public and private investment. Projects may differ in terms of their outwardness (as measured by th ...
Normalizing the Fed Funds Rate: The Fed`s Unjustified Rationale
Normalizing the Fed Funds Rate: The Fed`s Unjustified Rationale

... This paper questions the FRB’s rationale for the “normalization” of the fed funds rate. It also dismisses the argument made by some that “normalization” is especially necessary to counteract the potential “overshooting” of the FRB’s dual mandate, especially with respect to inflation, after years of ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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