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A novel transistor level implementation of a high speed
A novel transistor level implementation of a high speed

... by using current mirror circuits as shown in Fig.3. The transistors M1 and M2 form a PMOS-current mirror, while the transistors M4 and M5 form the second PMOS current mirror. The divided currents are proportional to the weight vector; this is achieved by suitably selecting the size of the current mi ...
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... The Logic Cell Array (LCA) is a high density CMOS integrated circuit. Its user-programmable array architecture is made up of three types of configurable elements: Input/Output Blocks, logic blocks and Interconnect. The designer can define individual I/O blocks for interface to external circuitry, de ...
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... DC voltage gain is determined by Rl and R2, while the desired AC gain is set by AC shunting one of the bias resistors. Here, the DC gain is fixed by R1 and R2 at less than 10, but the AC gain is fixed by R1 and R3 at 100. That shunting technique can be expanded for frequency-dependent AC gain in var ...
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Switched-mode power supply



A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, switch-mode power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently. Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a source, like mains power, to a load, such as a personal computer, while converting voltage and current characteristics. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor of a switching-mode supply continually switches between low-dissipation, full-on and full-off states, and spends very little time in the high dissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted energy. Ideally, a switched-mode power supply dissipates no power. Voltage regulation is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time. In contrast, a linear power supply regulates the output voltage by continually dissipating power in the pass transistor. This higher power conversion efficiency is an important advantage of a switched-mode power supply. Switched-mode power supplies may also be substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply due to the smaller transformer size and weight.Switching regulators are used as replacements for linear regulators when higher efficiency, smaller size or lighter weight are required. They are, however, more complicated; their switching currents can cause electrical noise problems if not carefully suppressed, and simple designs may have a poor power factor.
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