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... • A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea.[1] Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a nonbacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and t ...
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... environment. Nelson recruited Denis Hayes, a politically active recent graduate of Stanford University, as national coordinator, and persuaded U.S. Rep. Pete McCloskey of California to be co-chairman. With a staff of 85, they were able to rally 20 million people across the United States on April 20 ...
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... sick, they will most likely fall into the ocean or something, rather than being around all of the other birds, as a sick chicken would. Is the virus more likely to be spread worldwide by livestock or migratory birds? Migratory birds. They migrate. Avian virus was identified in Italy, over 100 years ...
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... Cook, J.K.A., Jones, B.V., Ellis, M.M., Jing Li. & Cavanagh, D. (1993). Antigenic differentiation of strains of turkey rhonotracheitis virus using monoclonal antibodies. Avian Pathology, 22, 257-273. Cook, J.K.A., Huggins, M.B., Woods, M.A., Orbell, S.J. & Mockett, A.P.A. (1995). Protection provided ...
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... School of Veterinary Medicine to study a harmless form of adenovirus as a transmitting agent for a vaccine to fight off highly virulent strains of the avian flu viruses. HIV/AIDS In 1981, HIV/AIDS was an emerging disease just beginning to garner the attention of the scientific community. Today, appr ...
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... The history of influenza A (H1N1) virus is punctuated by frequent, sporadic cross-species transmissions from swine to humans. Although the sporadically transmitted swine viruses are sufficiently pathogenic in humans to cause clinically apparent disease, they are rarely transmitted among humans. Expo ...
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Avian influenza

Avian influenza — known informally as avian flu or bird flu — refers to ""influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds."" The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI).""Bird flu"" is a phrase similar to ""swine flu,"" ""dog flu,"" ""horse flu,"" or ""human flu"" in that it refers to an illness caused by any of many different strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host. All known viruses that cause influenza in birds belong to the species influenza A virus. All subtypes (but not all strains of all subtypes) of influenza A virus are adapted to birds, which is why for many purposes avian flu virus is the influenza A virus. (Note, however, that the ""A"" does not stand for ""avian"").Adaptation is not exclusive. Being adapted toward a particular species does not preclude adaptations, or partial adaptations, toward infecting different species. In this way, strains of influenza viruses are adapted to multiple species, though may be preferential toward a particular host. For example, viruses responsible for influenza pandemics are adapted to both humans and birds. Recent influenza research into the genes of the Spanish flu virus shows it to have genes adapted to both birds and humans, with more of its genes from birds than less deadly later pandemic strains.While its most highly pathogenic strain (H5N1) had been spreading throughout Asia since 2003, avian influenza reached Europe in 2005, and the Middle East, as well as Africa, the following year. On January 22, 2012, China reported its second human death due to bird flu in a month following other fatalities in Vietnam and Cambodia. Companion birds in captivity and parrots are highly unlikely to contract the virus, and there has been no report of a companion bird with avian influenza since 2003. Pigeons do not contract or spread the virus. 84% of affected bird populations are composed of chicken and farm birds, while the 15% is made up of wild birds according to capture-and-release operations in the 2000s, during the SARs pandemic. The first deadly Canadian case was confirmed on January 3, 2014. On December 2, 2014, two turkey farms in British Columbia, Canada, had been placed under quarantine after the Canadian Food Inspection Agency confirmed an avian flu outbreak.
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