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... mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic food-borne pathogens, and environmental isolates have been characterized [7]. The majority of studies have focused on membrane composition changes and cold shock protein production in response to lower temperatures. While most studies have defined responses to temp ...
The Gram Positive Bacteria
The Gram Positive Bacteria

... Cells wall contain a layer of waxy lipids called mycolic acids • Allows them to resist acid alcohol decolorization • Also gives increased resistance to desiccation and disinfection Slow growers (generation time = several hours) Myco = fungus due to filamentous growth • Many found in soil PATHOGENS • ...
Biological Degradation of Naphthalene: A New Era
Biological Degradation of Naphthalene: A New Era

... Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed contaminants in diverse environments because of their common association with many anthropogenic activities such as petroleum refining and incomplete combustion of fossil fuels[1]. PAH bioremediation is considered an effective and enviro ...
Nitrogen fixation in microbial biotechnology
Nitrogen fixation in microbial biotechnology

... Nitrogen fixation in microbial biotechnology An annotated selection of World Wide Web sites relevant to the topics in microbial biotechnology Nitrogen fixation by legumes http://www.csun.edu/∼hcbio027/biotechnology/lec10/ lindemann.html This review provides a good overview of biological nitrogen fix ...
Microbial growth control and nutrition
Microbial growth control and nutrition

... • Selective Media: media favors the growth of one or more microbes. • Example: bile salts inhibit growth of most gram-positive bacteria and some gramnegative bacteria, but enteric bacteria adapted to life in animal gut can grow well. • Include bile salts in some media such as EMB, MacConkey agar to ...
Phylogeny of Prosthecobacter, the Fusiform Caulobacters: Members
Phylogeny of Prosthecobacter, the Fusiform Caulobacters: Members

... extract medium amended with glucose (52). As Prosthecobacter strains do not require exogenously added vitamins, the vitamin solution was omitted. Cells were harvested during the late exponential phase of growth and lyophilized. The lyophilized cells were extracted, and ubiquinone and menaquinone fra ...
BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES LLC HIDDEN BIODIVERSITY Series Feeding of microorganisms
BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES LLC HIDDEN BIODIVERSITY Series Feeding of microorganisms

... feed on organic substances previously produced by some other organism, either autotrophic or heterotrophic, and therefore, they have adopted certain strategies to capture their food. ...
Plant and Soil
Plant and Soil

... particular soil habitat conditions (Crowley and Rengel 1999). In order to withstand challenges like deficiencies of various macro- and micro-nutrients, like iron (Marschner and Römheld 1994) zinc, manganese or phosphate, plants have different strategies to cope with (see below) (Rengel 1999). The ty ...
Dimorphic fungi
Dimorphic fungi

... • The antibiotics to treat fungal infectious diseases are quite different compared to those to cure bacterial infectious diseases: amphotericin B (两性霉素B), anticandine (制霉菌 素), miconazole (咪康唑), ketoconazole (酮康唑) etc. ...
Lecture-6
Lecture-6

... growth varies between species. The amount of water that is available in food is expressed in terms of water activity (aw), where the aw of pure water is 1.0. Each microorganism has a maximum, optimum, and minimum aw for growth and survival. Generally bacteria dominate in foods with high aw (minimum ...
Lipids - csfcbiology
Lipids - csfcbiology

... Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid. All of the spaces on the carbon bonds are filled by hydrogens, which results in a straight chain molecule, as shown in the space filling model (right). ...
Cleaning and Disinfection of Environmental Surfaces
Cleaning and Disinfection of Environmental Surfaces

... of moderate quantities of organic material. They are extremely irritating to skin and mucous membranes. Formaldehydes are used as sterilants rather than disinfectants. They can be highly toxic, are known to be carcinogenic, are strongly irritating, and have a pungent odour. Use them only as a last r ...
ROOT ASSOCIATED BACTERIA – FRIENDS OR ENEMIES? A
ROOT ASSOCIATED BACTERIA – FRIENDS OR ENEMIES? A

... bulk soil, [61] suggesting that plants are able to shape their microbiome [103]. However, the rhizosphere microbiome is very diverse comprising bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa, algae and microarthropods. Though, the dominant population of the rhizosphere is made up by species belonging to Prote ...
Amino acids - WordPress.com
Amino acids - WordPress.com

... • In proteins, almost all of these carboxyl and amino groups are combined in peptide linkage and, in general, are not available for chemical reaction except for hydrogen bond formation (Figure 1.1B). Thus, it is the nature of the side chains that ultimately dictates the role an amino acid plays in a ...
Eubiosis and Dysbiosis: The Two Sides of the Microbiota (PDF
Eubiosis and Dysbiosis: The Two Sides of the Microbiota (PDF

... 2011). The functions carried out by the gut microbiota organ include: barrier versus hexogen microbes, structural and metabolic functions (Hooper et al., 2001; Gill et al., 2006), together with an important role in immune system development and activation (Kamada et al., 2013; Belkaid et al., 2014). ...
fungi - Dr Magrann
fungi - Dr Magrann

... few species do considerable damage. The general term for a fungal infection is mycosis. Mycosis of this skin includes the disease called ringworm, named because it appears as circular red areas on this skin. Ringworm (not a worm, but a fungus) can appear on almost any skin surface, including the hai ...
Dr. Raj Ramakrishnan, Ph.D. Concept Questions Read the chapter
Dr. Raj Ramakrishnan, Ph.D. Concept Questions Read the chapter

... 20. Which protozoan group is the most complex in structure and behavior? In life cycle? What characteristics set the sporozoa apart from the other protozoan groups? 21. Construct a chart that compares the four groups of eucaryotic microorganisms (fungi, algae, protozoa, helminths) in cellular struct ...
Extinction of microbes: evidence and potential consequences
Extinction of microbes: evidence and potential consequences

... represent the largest unknown sequence space (Breitknown how many different species of microbes inhabit bart et al. 2002). Many microbial pathogens are spethe planet. One of the reasons for this is the problems cies-specific and many hosts have more than one involved in defining a microbial species ...
Concept questions-lecture exam 1
Concept questions-lecture exam 1

... 20. Which protozoan group is the most complex in structure and behavior? In life cycle? What characteristics set the sporozoa apart from the other protozoan groups? 21. Construct a chart that compares the four groups of eucaryotic microorganisms (fungi, algae, protozoa, helminths) in cellular struct ...
Modern Microbiology
Modern Microbiology

... catterpiller fungus ...
3_Post-Mortem Changes_part_2
3_Post-Mortem Changes_part_2

... Although decomposition of fatty tissues starts almost immediately after death, Adipocere formation time may vary from two weeks to one or two months, on average, due to several factors, such as temperature, embalming and burial conditions, and materials surrounding the corpse ...
Growth Curve (four phases)
Growth Curve (four phases)

... Used to obtain a large number of bacteria, isolate identical clones of bacteria (colony), and to perform drug sensitivity test. A colony is a bacterial cluster which propagated (multiplied) from a single initial bacterial cell (So a colony is a pure bacterial culture). Colony can be used to determin ...
Microbial. 309 Enzymology (0.5 Unit)
Microbial. 309 Enzymology (0.5 Unit)

... 1. Basic concept of microbial ecology : the scope of microbial ecology; historical overview; relation of microbial ecology to general ecology. 2. Microbial communities and ecosystems : development of microbial communities; structure of microbial communities; ecosystems; microbial communities in natu ...
Document
Document

... If a large amount of bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, it can become more difficult to treat human bacterial infections. When antibiotics do not work, it can result in hospitalization, a need for more expensive antibiotics to replace the ineffective ones, and in some cases death (Alliance fo ...
. — Beneficial effect of the rhizosphere microbial community for plant
. — Beneficial effect of the rhizosphere microbial community for plant

... is a passive process along the steep concentration gradient which usually exists between the cytoplasm of intact root cells (millimolar range) and the external (soil) solution (micromolar range). Direct or passive diffusion through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is determined by membrane p ...
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Phospholipid-derived fatty acids



Phospholipid-derived fatty acids (PLFA) are widely used in microbial ecology as chemotaxonomic markers of bacteria and other organisms. Phospholipids are the primary lipids composing cellular membranes. Phospholipids can be saponified, which releases the fatty acids contained in their diglyceride tail. Once the phospholipids of an unknown sample are saponified, the composition of the resulting PLFA can be compared to the PLFA of known organisms to determine the identity of the sample organism. PLFA analysis may be combined with other techniques, such as stable isotope probing to determine which microbes are metabolically active in a sample. PLFA analysis was pioneered by D.C. White, MD, PhD, at the University of Tennessee, in the early to mid 1980s.
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