
Neuromuscular Emergencies
... – Vital capacity (max exhaled volume after full inspiration). Normal = 60 ml/kg (4 L in 70 kg person). VC < 20 ml/kg (or 1 L) means intubation – Max inspiratory pressure. Index of ability to avoid atelectasis. Normal = <-50 cm H2O. MIP >-30 means intubation – Max expiratory pressure. Index of abilit ...
... – Vital capacity (max exhaled volume after full inspiration). Normal = 60 ml/kg (4 L in 70 kg person). VC < 20 ml/kg (or 1 L) means intubation – Max inspiratory pressure. Index of ability to avoid atelectasis. Normal = <-50 cm H2O. MIP >-30 means intubation – Max expiratory pressure. Index of abilit ...
Effectiveness of Interventions to Increase Provider Monitoring of
... he endotracheal (ET) tube and laryngeal mask airway (LMA) are widely used airway devices in the practice of anesthesia. The most common adverse event reported by patients postoperatively after use of an ET tube or LMA is a sore throat and hoarseness.1,2 Other adverse pharyngolaryngeal complications ...
... he endotracheal (ET) tube and laryngeal mask airway (LMA) are widely used airway devices in the practice of anesthesia. The most common adverse event reported by patients postoperatively after use of an ET tube or LMA is a sore throat and hoarseness.1,2 Other adverse pharyngolaryngeal complications ...
Effect of Mechanical Cleaning of Endotracheal Tubes With Sterile
... growth decreased from 105 CFU/cm2 to 102 CFU/cm2. The number of bacterial colonies observed in groups B and C were not different over 2 days of MV, but with the prolongation of MV over 7 days, the difference of 7.45 × 102 CFU/cm2 was significant. Both the lower respiratory tract secretions and ETTs ...
... growth decreased from 105 CFU/cm2 to 102 CFU/cm2. The number of bacterial colonies observed in groups B and C were not different over 2 days of MV, but with the prolongation of MV over 7 days, the difference of 7.45 × 102 CFU/cm2 was significant. Both the lower respiratory tract secretions and ETTs ...
High-frequency oscillatory ventilation — a clinical approach
... occur to short path length units that branch from the primary airways. However, this only accounts for a small component of the gas exchange that occurs during HFOV. Molecular diffusion is speculated to be a major contributor to gas exchange during oscillatory ventilation. Molecular diffusion descri ...
... occur to short path length units that branch from the primary airways. However, this only accounts for a small component of the gas exchange that occurs during HFOV. Molecular diffusion is speculated to be a major contributor to gas exchange during oscillatory ventilation. Molecular diffusion descri ...
Chapter 36 - Bakersfield College
... The respiratory system provides the cells of the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide, formed as a waste product of cellular metabolism. The events in this process are called respiration. Although the respiratory airways and the anatomic structures where gas exchange takes place are contin ...
... The respiratory system provides the cells of the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide, formed as a waste product of cellular metabolism. The events in this process are called respiration. Although the respiratory airways and the anatomic structures where gas exchange takes place are contin ...
Extubation of the Difficult Airway and Extubation Failure
... Respiratory complications after tracheal extubation are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, suggesting that process improvements in this clinical area are needed. The decreased rate of respiratory adverse events occurring during tracheal intubation since the implementation of guidel ...
... Respiratory complications after tracheal extubation are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, suggesting that process improvements in this clinical area are needed. The decreased rate of respiratory adverse events occurring during tracheal intubation since the implementation of guidel ...
Chest Tubes
... pressure is altered, and this can cause collapse of a portion of the lung. Even with adequate oxygenation and an open airway, a patient with a collapsed portion of the lung will not have adequate oxygen - carbon dioxide exchange. The only treatment for this altered condition is to restore the negati ...
... pressure is altered, and this can cause collapse of a portion of the lung. Even with adequate oxygenation and an open airway, a patient with a collapsed portion of the lung will not have adequate oxygen - carbon dioxide exchange. The only treatment for this altered condition is to restore the negati ...
The acute effect of budesonide/formoterol in COPD: a multi-slice computed
... the extent of emphysema [14–16]. The severity of emphysema is typically correlated with a decrease in local Hounsfield units (HU), indicating a destruction of pulmonary lung tissue. Recent developments have extended the use of MSCT scans by adding more functionality to the static images by means of ...
... the extent of emphysema [14–16]. The severity of emphysema is typically correlated with a decrease in local Hounsfield units (HU), indicating a destruction of pulmonary lung tissue. Recent developments have extended the use of MSCT scans by adding more functionality to the static images by means of ...
Evaluation of upper airway patency during Cheyne–Stokes breathing in heart failure patients
... amplitude (1 cmH2O peak-to-peak) pressure oscillation of 5 Hz was generated with the loudspeaker and applied on the mask while the patient breathed spontaneously. Mask pressure and flow signals were measured with differential pressure transducers (range ¡9 and 2 cmH2O, respectively; Validyne). The f ...
... amplitude (1 cmH2O peak-to-peak) pressure oscillation of 5 Hz was generated with the loudspeaker and applied on the mask while the patient breathed spontaneously. Mask pressure and flow signals were measured with differential pressure transducers (range ¡9 and 2 cmH2O, respectively; Validyne). The f ...
ACLS Provider Manual Supplementary Material
... Use of a face mask with a reservoir is indicated for patients who • Are seriously ill, responsive, spontaneously breathing, have adequate tidal volume, and require high oxygen concentrations • May avoid endotracheal (ET) intubation if acute interventions produce a rapid clinical effect (eg, patients ...
... Use of a face mask with a reservoir is indicated for patients who • Are seriously ill, responsive, spontaneously breathing, have adequate tidal volume, and require high oxygen concentrations • May avoid endotracheal (ET) intubation if acute interventions produce a rapid clinical effect (eg, patients ...
Mechanical Ventilation - LSU School of Medicine
... high respiratory rates with tidal volumes that are smaller than the volume of anatomic dead space. It is used more commonly in neonates and infants with neonatal respiratory failure. There has been a renewed interest in using HFV in adult patients with ALI/ARDS, with the rationale that the small tid ...
... high respiratory rates with tidal volumes that are smaller than the volume of anatomic dead space. It is used more commonly in neonates and infants with neonatal respiratory failure. There has been a renewed interest in using HFV in adult patients with ALI/ARDS, with the rationale that the small tid ...
Adaptive Support Ventilation for Fast Tracheal Extubation after
... Rhäzüns, Switzerland). A thorough description of ASV technology has been reported elsewhere.15 Briefly, the theoretical value of minute ventilation was based on the nomogram of Radford16 and the patient’s ideal body weight. The initial settings of the ventilator consisted of three parameters: ideal ...
... Rhäzüns, Switzerland). A thorough description of ASV technology has been reported elsewhere.15 Briefly, the theoretical value of minute ventilation was based on the nomogram of Radford16 and the patient’s ideal body weight. The initial settings of the ventilator consisted of three parameters: ideal ...
BIO 161 Worksheet - Respiratory - Answers
... Trachea divides at the carina into the 2 main/primary bronchi, 1 each to the left and right lungs. The primary bronchi branch into the secondary bronchi as each enters a lobe of the lung – left has 2 secondary bronchi to two lobes, right has 3 secondary bronchi to three lobes. Secondary branch into ...
... Trachea divides at the carina into the 2 main/primary bronchi, 1 each to the left and right lungs. The primary bronchi branch into the secondary bronchi as each enters a lobe of the lung – left has 2 secondary bronchi to two lobes, right has 3 secondary bronchi to three lobes. Secondary branch into ...
Discovery Labs Announces IND Submission for AEROSURF®
... surfactant and are unable to absorb sufficient oxygen. Premature infants born prior to 37 weeks gestation have not fully developed their own natural lung surfactant and therefore need treatment to sustain life. RDS is experienced in approximately half of the babies born between 26 and 32 weeks gesta ...
... surfactant and are unable to absorb sufficient oxygen. Premature infants born prior to 37 weeks gestation have not fully developed their own natural lung surfactant and therefore need treatment to sustain life. RDS is experienced in approximately half of the babies born between 26 and 32 weeks gesta ...
The Inspiratory Aids
... generators or ventilators which can be used to operate a chest shell or tank-style ventilator can also increase functional residual capacity by creating continuous negative extrathoracic pressure (CNEP). Both CPAP and CNEP act as pneumatic splints to help maintain airway ...
... generators or ventilators which can be used to operate a chest shell or tank-style ventilator can also increase functional residual capacity by creating continuous negative extrathoracic pressure (CNEP). Both CPAP and CNEP act as pneumatic splints to help maintain airway ...
LWW PPT Slide Template Master
... • Endotracheal and tracheostomy suctioning – Inline suction catheters *Instillation of normal saline to facilitate removal of thick secretions is not recommended. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
... • Endotracheal and tracheostomy suctioning – Inline suction catheters *Instillation of normal saline to facilitate removal of thick secretions is not recommended. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
Respiratory insufficiency / failure
... Pulsoximetry (capnography?) Blood gases (arterial, venous) – repeated! – Reaction to oxygen inhalation? ...
... Pulsoximetry (capnography?) Blood gases (arterial, venous) – repeated! – Reaction to oxygen inhalation? ...
Facilitating Speech in the Patient With a
... place. If an in-line closed suctioning system is used, the speaking valve should be connected to the side port to allow the catheter to easily pass into the tracheostomy tube. The volume of dead space in the ventilator circuit is unimportant when a speaking valve is used, because there is no potenti ...
... place. If an in-line closed suctioning system is used, the speaking valve should be connected to the side port to allow the catheter to easily pass into the tracheostomy tube. The volume of dead space in the ventilator circuit is unimportant when a speaking valve is used, because there is no potenti ...
Assessment of respiratory system
... the alveoli and includes not only the airconducting passages also but the blood supply The primary purpose of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which involves the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the blood. The respiratory system is divided into two parts: the u ...
... the alveoli and includes not only the airconducting passages also but the blood supply The primary purpose of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which involves the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the blood. The respiratory system is divided into two parts: the u ...
Assessment of respiratory system
... the alveoli and includes not only the airconducting passages also but the blood supply The primary purpose of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which involves the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the blood. The respiratory system is divided into two parts: the u ...
... the alveoli and includes not only the airconducting passages also but the blood supply The primary purpose of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which involves the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the blood. The respiratory system is divided into two parts: the u ...
AANA Journal Course - American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
... Because of these assessments, tools, and interventions, a patient presenting to the operating theater for surgery and anesthesia with a known difficult airway—be it known by previous documentation or current assessment—becomes the source or genesis for substantial planning and strategy discussions b ...
... Because of these assessments, tools, and interventions, a patient presenting to the operating theater for surgery and anesthesia with a known difficult airway—be it known by previous documentation or current assessment—becomes the source or genesis for substantial planning and strategy discussions b ...
Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 1: Prolongation of Survival
... SMA-1 patients followed at our center were intubated during their first hospitalizations and 12 of the patients, none of whom managed by our group, underwent tracheotomy at that time. When intubated, critical care physicians often set weaning parameters and “spontaneous breathing trials” that must b ...
... SMA-1 patients followed at our center were intubated during their first hospitalizations and 12 of the patients, none of whom managed by our group, underwent tracheotomy at that time. When intubated, critical care physicians often set weaning parameters and “spontaneous breathing trials” that must b ...
Flexible Airway Endoscopy in Children
... procedures, including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), are particularly important in the diagnosis and treatment of specific respiratory problems, including congenital or acquired airway anomalies, persistent or recurrent pulmonary infiltrates, community-acquired or ventilatorassociated pneumonia, pulmon ...
... procedures, including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), are particularly important in the diagnosis and treatment of specific respiratory problems, including congenital or acquired airway anomalies, persistent or recurrent pulmonary infiltrates, community-acquired or ventilatorassociated pneumonia, pulmon ...
Tracheal intubation
Tracheal intubation, usually simply referred to as intubation, is the placement of a flexible plastic tube into the trachea (windpipe) to maintain an open airway or to serve as a conduit through which to administer certain drugs. It is frequently performed in critically injured, ill or anesthetized patients to facilitate ventilation of the lungs, including mechanical ventilation, and to prevent the possibility of asphyxiation or airway obstruction.The most widely used route is orotracheal, in which an endotracheal tube is passed through the mouth and vocal apparatus into the trachea. In a nasotracheal procedure, an endotracheal tube is passed through the nose and vocal apparatus into the trachea. Other methods of intubation involve surgery and include the cricothyrotomy (used almost exclusively in emergency circumstances) and the tracheotomy, used primarily in situations where a prolonged need for airway support is anticipated.Because it is an invasive and extremely uncomfortable medical procedure, intubation is usually performed after administration of general anesthesia and a neuromuscular-blocking drug. It can however be performed in the awake patient with local or topical anesthesia, or in an emergency without any anesthesia at all. Intubation is normally facilitated by using a conventional laryngoscope, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope or video laryngoscope to identify the vocal cords and pass the tube between them into the trachea instead of into the esophagus. Other devices and techniques may be used alternatively.After the trachea has been intubated, a balloon cuff is typically inflated just above the far end of the tube to help secure it in place, to prevent leakage of respiratory gases, and to protect the tracheobronchial tree from receiving undesirable material such as stomach acid. The tube is then secured to the face or neck and connected to a T-piece, anesthesia breathing circuit, bag valve mask device, or a mechanical ventilator.Once there is no longer a need for ventilatory assistance and/or protection of the airway, the tracheal tube is removed; this is referred to as extubation of the trachea (or decannulation, in the case of a surgical airway such as a cricothyrotomy or a tracheotomy).For centuries, tracheotomy was considered the only reliable method for intubation of the trachea. However, because only a minority of patients survived the operation, physicians undertook tracheotomy only as a last resort, on patients who were nearly dead. It was not until the late 19th century however that advances in understanding of anatomy and physiology, as well an appreciation of the germ theory of disease, had improved the outcome of this operation to the point that it could be considered an acceptable treatment option.Also at that time, advances in endoscopic instrumentation had improved to such a degree that direct laryngoscopy had become a viable means to secure the airway by the non-surgical orotracheal route. By the mid-20th century, the tracheotomy as well as endoscopy and non-surgical tracheal intubation had evolved from rarely employed procedures to becoming essential components of the practices of anesthesiology, critical care medicine, emergency medicine, laryngology.Tracheal intubation can be associated with minor complications such as broken teeth or lacerations of the tissues of the upper airway. It can also be associated with potentially fatal complications such as pulmonary aspiration of stomach contents which can result in a severe and sometimes fatal chemical aspiration pneumonitis, or unrecognized intubation of the esophagus which can lead to potentially fatal anoxia. Because of this, the potential for difficulty or complications due to the presence of unusual airway anatomy or other uncontrolled variables is carefully evaluated before undertaking tracheal intubation. Alternative strategies for securing the airway must always be readily available.