The First, Second, and Third Law of Thermodynamics (ThLaws05.tex)
... The laws of thermodynamics apply to well-de…ned systems. First we will discuss a quite general form of the …rst and second law. I.e. we consider a system which is inhomogeneous, we allow mass transfer across the boundaries (open system), and we allow the boundaries to move. Fig.1 is a general repres ...
... The laws of thermodynamics apply to well-de…ned systems. First we will discuss a quite general form of the …rst and second law. I.e. we consider a system which is inhomogeneous, we allow mass transfer across the boundaries (open system), and we allow the boundaries to move. Fig.1 is a general repres ...
Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet
... A simple calorimeter constructed from Styrofoam coffee cups (see Fig. 5.17 in the 11th edition or Fig. 5.18 in the 12th edition of your book), such as you will use in the laboratory, measures reaction heats under constant pressure conditions; thus, qrxn = ΔHrxn, the change in enthalpy of the reactio ...
... A simple calorimeter constructed from Styrofoam coffee cups (see Fig. 5.17 in the 11th edition or Fig. 5.18 in the 12th edition of your book), such as you will use in the laboratory, measures reaction heats under constant pressure conditions; thus, qrxn = ΔHrxn, the change in enthalpy of the reactio ...
HEAT CAPACITY OF MINERALS: A HANDS
... 2. Is the heat capacity of elemental metals primarily a function of the density of the metal? Construct a graph of the molar heat capacities vs. the densities of the six metals. Is there a positive correlation between densities and molar heat capacities? 3. Is the heat capacity of elemental metals p ...
... 2. Is the heat capacity of elemental metals primarily a function of the density of the metal? Construct a graph of the molar heat capacities vs. the densities of the six metals. Is there a positive correlation between densities and molar heat capacities? 3. Is the heat capacity of elemental metals p ...
Respiratory Physiology
... Urine volume and osmotic concentration are regulated by controlling water and sodium reabsorption Precise control allowed via facultative water reabsorption Osmolality The number of solute particles dissolved in 1 L of water Reflects the solution’s ability to cause osmosis Body fluids are measured i ...
... Urine volume and osmotic concentration are regulated by controlling water and sodium reabsorption Precise control allowed via facultative water reabsorption Osmolality The number of solute particles dissolved in 1 L of water Reflects the solution’s ability to cause osmosis Body fluids are measured i ...
Urinary System - Department of Zoology, UBC
... relate these mechanisms to normal cardiovascular function explain how the concentrations of important ions in the plasma are regulated describe the sources of acids in the body describe the influence of the respiratory system on acid-base balance explain how the kidneys regulate H+ and HCO3- ion con ...
... relate these mechanisms to normal cardiovascular function explain how the concentrations of important ions in the plasma are regulated describe the sources of acids in the body describe the influence of the respiratory system on acid-base balance explain how the kidneys regulate H+ and HCO3- ion con ...
Carnot Cycle. Heat Engines. Refrigerators.
... the entropy lost/gained by the reservoirs Th /Tc . This can be done via the Carnot cycle. This quasi-static cycle involving compressional work has 4 steps: (a) isothermal expansion from V1 to V2 at Th ; (b) adiabatic expansion from (V2 , Th ) to (V3 , Tc ); (c) isothermal compression from V3 to V2 a ...
... the entropy lost/gained by the reservoirs Th /Tc . This can be done via the Carnot cycle. This quasi-static cycle involving compressional work has 4 steps: (a) isothermal expansion from V1 to V2 at Th ; (b) adiabatic expansion from (V2 , Th ) to (V3 , Tc ); (c) isothermal compression from V3 to V2 a ...
Countercurrent exchange
Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some component, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other. The flowing bodies can be liquids, gases, or even solid powders, or any combination of those. For example, in a distillation column, the vapors bubble up through the downward flowing liquid while exchanging both heat and mass.The maximum amount of heat or mass transfer that can be obtained is higher with countercurrent than co-current (parallel) exchange because countercurrent maintains a slowly declining difference or gradient (usually temperature or concentration difference). In cocurrent exchange the initial gradient is higher but falls off quickly, leading to wasted potential. For example, in the diagram at the right, the fluid being heated (exiting top) has a higher exiting temperature than the cooled fluid (exiting bottom) that was used for heating. With cocurrent or parallel exchange the heated and cooled fluids can only approach one another. The result is that countercurrent exchange can achieve a greater amount of heat or mass transfer than parallel under otherwise similar conditions. See: flow arrangement.Countercurrent exchange when set up in a circuit or loop can be used for building up concentrations, heat, or other properties of flowing liquids. Specifically when set up in a loop with a buffering liquid between the incoming and outgoing fluid running in a circuit, and with active transport pumps on the outgoing fluid's tubes, the system is called a Countercurrent multiplier, enabling a multiplied effect of many small pumps to gradually build up a large concentration in the buffer liquid.Other countercurrent exchange circuits where the incoming and outgoing fluids touch each other are used for retaining a high concentration of a dissolved substance or for retaining heat, or for allowing the external buildup of the heat or concentration at one point in the system.Countercurrent exchange circuits or loops are found extensively in nature, specifically in biologic systems. In vertebrates, they are called a Rete mirabile, originally the name of an organ in fish gills for absorbing oxygen from the water. It is mimicked in industrial systems. Countercurrent exchange is a key concept in chemical engineering thermodynamics and manufacturing processes, for example in extracting sucrose from sugar beet roots.Countercurrent multiplication is a similar but different concept where liquid moves in a loop followed by a long length of movement in opposite directions with an intermediate zone. The tube leading to the loop passively building up a gradient of heat (or cooling) or solvent concentration while the returning tube has a constant small pumping action all along it, so that a gradual intensification of the heat or concentration is created towards the loop. Countercurrent multiplication has been found in the kidneys as well as in many other biological organs.